This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
This page provides lists of best-selling single-volume books and book series to date and in any language. "Best-selling" refers to the estimated number of copies sold of each book, rather than the number of books printed or currently owned. Comics and textbooks are not included in this list. The books are listed according to the highest sales estimate as reported in reliable, independent sources.
Religious books, especially the Bible and the Qur’an, are probably the most-printed books, but it is nearly impossible to find reliable figures about them. Many copies of the Bible and the Qur'an are printed and given away free, instead of being sold. The same goes for some political books, like the works of Mao Zedong or Adolf Hitler. All such books have been excluded from this list for those reasons.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 List of best-selling single-volume books
o 1.1 More than 100 million copies
o 1.2 Between 50 million and 100 million copies
o 1.3 Between 30 million and 50 million copies
o 1.4 Between 20 million and 30 million copies
o 1.5 Between 10 million and 20 million copies
* 2 List of best-selling book series
o 2.1 At least 100 million copies
o 2.2 Between 50 million and 100 million copies
o 2.3 Between 30 million and 50 million copies
o 2.4 Between 20 million and 30 million copies
o 2.5 Between 15 million and 20 million copies
o 2.6 Notes
* 3 List of best-selling regularly updated books
o 3.1 More than 100 million copies
o 3.2 Between 50 million and 100 million copies
o 3.3 Between 30 million and 50 million copies
o 3.4 Between 20 million and 30 million copies
o 3.5 Between 10 million and 20 million copies
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
[edit] List of best-selling single-volume books
[edit] More than 100 million copies
Book Author(s) Original language First published Approximate sales
A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens English 1859 over 200 million[1]
The Lord of the Rings J. R. R. Tolkien English 1954–1955 150 million[2]
The Hobbit J. R. R. Tolkien English 1937 over 100 million[3]
红楼梦 (Dream of the Red Chamber) Cao Xueqin Chinese 1759-1791 over 100 million [4]
And Then There Were None Agatha Christie English 1939 100 million[5]
[edit] Between 50 million and 100 million copies
Book Author(s) Original language First published Approximate sales
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe C. S. Lewis English 1950 85 million[6]
She H. Rider Haggard English 1887 83 million[7]
Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince) Antoine de Saint-Exupéry French 1943 80 million[8]
The Da Vinci Code Dan Brown English 2003 80 million [9]
The Catcher in the Rye J. D. Salinger English 1951 65 million[10]
O Alquimista (The Alchemist) Paulo Coelho Portuguese 1988 65 million[11]
Steps to Christ Ellen G. White English 1892 60 million[12]
Heidis Lehr- und Wanderjahre (Heidi's Years of Wandering and Learning) Johanna Spyri German 1880 50 million[13]
The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care Dr. Benjamin Spock English 1946 50 million[14]
Anne of Green Gables Lucy Maud Montgomery English 1908 50 million[15]
Black Beauty: His Grooms and Companions: The autobiography of a horse Anna Sewell English 1877 50 million[16]
Il Nome della Rosa (The Name of the Rose) Umberto Eco Italian 1980 50 million[17]
[edit] Between 30 million and 50 million copies
Book Author(s) Original language First published Approximate sales
The Hite Report Shere Hite English 1976 48 million[18]
Charlotte's Web E.B. White; illustrated by Garth Williams English 1952 45 million[19]
The Tale of Peter Rabbit Beatrix Potter English 1902 45 million[20]
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows [21] J.K. Rowling English 2007 44 million [22]
Jonathan Livingston Seagull Richard Bach English 1970 40 million[23]
A Message to Garcia Elbert Hubbard English 1899 40 million[14]
Angels and Demons Dan Brown English 2000 39 million[24]
Как закалялась сталь (Kak zakalyalas' stal'; How the Steel Was Tempered) Nikolai Ostrovsky Russian 1932 36.4 million copies in USSR[25]
Война и мир (Voyna i mir; War and Peace) Leo Tolstoy Russian 1869 36.0 million copies in USSR[25]
Le avventure di Pinocchio. Storia di un burattino (The Adventures of Pinocchio) Carlo Collodi Italian 1881 35 million[26]
You Can Heal Your Life Louise Hay English 1984 35 million[27]
Kane and Abel Jeffrey Archer English 1979 34 million[28]
Het Achterhuis (The Diary of a Young Girl,The Diary of Anne Frank) Anne Frank Dutch 1947 30 million[29]
In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do? Charles M. Sheldon English 1896 30 million[14]
To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee English 1960 30 million [30]
Valley of the Dolls Jacqueline Susann English 1966 30 million[14]
Gone with the Wind Margaret Mitchell English 1936 30 million [31]
Cien Años de Soledad (One Hundred Years of Solitude) Gabriel García Márquez Spanish 1967 30 million[32][33]
The Purpose Driven Life Rick Warren English 2002 30 million[34]
The Thorn Birds Colleen McCullough English 1977 30 million[35]
Think and Grow Rich Napoleon Hill English 1937 30 million[36]
The Revolt of Mamie Stover William Bradford Huie English 1951 30 million [37]
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (original title: Män som hatar kvinnor) Stieg Larsson Swedish 2005 30 million[38]
The Very Hungry Caterpillar Eric Carle English 1969 30 million[39]
[edit] Between 20 million and 30 million copies
Book Author(s) Original language First published Approximate sales
The Late, Great Planet Earth Hal Lindsey, C. C. Carlson English 1970 28 million[40]
Who Moved My Cheese? Spencer Johnson English 1998 26 million[41]
The Wind in the Willows Kenneth Grahame English 1908 25 million[42]
Nineteen Eighty-Four George Orwell English 1949 25 million[43]
The Celestine Prophecy James Redfield English 1993 23 million[44]
The Godfather Mario Puzo English 1969 21 million [45]
Love Story Erich Segal English 1970 21 million[46]
狼图腾 (Wolf Totem) Jiang Rong Chinese 2004 20 million[47]
The Happy Hooker: Her Own Story Xaviera Hollander English 1971 20 million[48]
Jaws Peter Benchley English 1974 20 million[49]
Love You Forever Robert Munsch English 1986 20 million[50]
Sophie's World Jostein Gaarder Norwegian 1991 20 million[51]
The Women's Room Marilyn French English 1977 20 million[52]
What to Expect When You're Expecting Arlene Eisenberg and Heidi Murkoff English 1984 20 million[53]
[edit] Between 10 million and 20 million copies
Book Author(s) Original language First published Approximate sales
Where the Wild Things Are Maurice Sendak English 1963 19 million [54]
The Secret Rhonda Byrne English 2006 19 million[55]
Fear of Flying Erica Jong English 1973 18 million [56]
Goodnight Moon Margaret Wise Brown English 1947 16 million[57]
Guess How Much I Love You Sam McBratney English 1994 15 million[58]
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Stephen R. Covey English 1989 15 million[59]
Shōgun James Clavell English 1975 15 million[60]
The Poky Little Puppy Janette Sebring Lowrey English 1942 15 million[61]
The Pillars of the Earth Ken Follett English 1989 15 million[62]
How to Win Friends and Influence People Dale Carnegie English 1936 15 million [63]
Das Parfum (Perfume) Patrick Süskind German 1985 15 million [64]
The Horse Whisperer Nicholas Evans English 1995 15 million[65]
La sombra del viento (The Shadow of the Wind) Carlos Ruiz Zafón Spanish 2001 15 million[66]
The Shack William P. Young English 2007 15 million[67]
The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy Douglas Adams English 1979 14 million [68]
Tuesdays with Morrie Mitch Albom English 1997 14 million [69]
God's Little Acre Erskine Caldwell English 1933 14 million [70]
Va' dove ti porta il cuore (Follow Your Heart) Susanna Tamaro Italian 1994 14 million [71]
The Outsiders S. E. Hinton English 1967 13 million [72]
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Roald Dahl English 1964 13 million[73]
ノルウェイの森, Noruwei no Mori (Norwegian Wood) Haruki Murakami Japanese 1987 More than 12 million[74]
Peyton Place Grace Metalious English 1956 12 million [75]
Dune Frank Herbert English 1965 12 million[76]
La Peste (The Plague) Albert Camus French 1947 12 million [77]
人間失格 (No Longer Human) Osamu Dazai Japanese 1948 12 million[78]
The Naked Ape Desmond Morris English 1968 12 million[79]
The Bridges of Madison County Robert James Waller English 1992 12 million[80]
Divine Comedy Dante Alighieri Italian 1304 11-12 million (during 20th century)[81]
Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe English 1958 11 million[82]
The Prophet Khalil Gibran English 1923 11 million[83]
The Exorcist William Peter Blatty English 1971 11 million [84]
The Gruffalo Julia Donaldson English 1999 10.5 million[85]
Catch-22 Joseph Heller English 1961 10 million[86]
Eye of the Needle Ken Follett English 1978 10 million[87]
A Brief History of Time Stephen Hawking English 1988 10 million [88]
The Cat in the Hat Dr. Seuss English 1957 10 million [89]
The Lovely Bones Alice Sebold English 2002 10 million [90]
Wild Swans Jung Chang English 1992 10 million [91]
Santa Evita Tomás Eloy Martínez Spanish 1995 10 million [92]
Night Elie Wiesel Yiddish 1958 10 million[93]
The Kite Runner Khaled Hosseini English 2003 10 million[94]
于丹《论语》心得 (Yu Dan's gain from the Analects) Yu Dan Chinese 2006 10 million[95]
The Total Woman Marabel Morgan English 1974 10 million[96]
知価革命 (Knowledge-value Revolution) Taichi Sakaiya Japanese 1985 10 million[97]
中国社会主义经济问题研究 (Problems in China's Socialist Economy) Xue Muqiao Chinese 1979 10 million[98]
What Color is Your Parachute? Richard Nelson Bolles English 1970 10 million[99]
[edit] List of best-selling book series
[edit] At least 100 million copies
Book series Author Original language No. of installments First published Approximate sales
Harry Potter J.K.Rowling English 7 + 3 companion books 1997–2007 more than 400 million for the 7 main books[100][101]
Goosebumps R. L. Stine English 62 + spin off series 1992–1997-present more than 350 million[102]
Perry Mason Erle Stanley Gardner English 82 1933 — 1970 300 million[103]
Berenstain Bears Stan and Jan Berenstain English over 300 1962 — present 260 million [104]
Choose Your Own Adventure various authors English 185 1979 — 1998 250 million [105]
Sweet Valley High Francine Pascal and ghostwriters English 400 1983–2003 250 million [106]
Noddy Enid Blyton English 24 1949–present 200 million[107]
Nancy Drew various authors as Carolyn Keene English 175 1930 — present 200 million[108]
The Railway Series
(spawned Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends) Rev. W. Awdry, Christopher Awdry English 41 1945–2007 200 million[109]
The Baby-sitters Club Ann Martin English 335 1986 — present 172 million[110]
Star Wars various authors English over 200 1977 — present 160 million [111]
Peter Rabbit Beatrix Potter English 6 1902–1930 150 million[112]
Chicken Soup for the Soul Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen English 105 1997 — present 130 million[113]
Frank Merriwell Gilbert Patten English 209 1896 - 125 million[114]
Dirk Pitt Clive Cussler English 19 1973 — present 120 million[115]
宮本武蔵 (Musashi) Eiji Yoshikawa Japanese 7 1935–1939 120 million[116]
American Girl various authors English 1986 — present 120 million[117]
The Chronicles of Narnia C. S. Lewis English 7 1949–1954 120 million[118]
Clifford the Big Red Dog Norman Bridwell English 1963 — present 110 million[119]
James Bond Ian Fleming English 14 1953–1966 more than 100 million[120]
Twilight Stephenie Meyer English 4 + 1 Novella 2005–2010 more than 100 million [121]
Mr. Men Roger Hargreaves, Adam Hargreaves English 43 1971 — present 100 million[122]
Martine Gilbert Delahaye, Marcel Marlier French 60 1954 — present 100 million[123]
[edit] Between 50 million and 100 million copies
Book series Author Original language No. of installments First published Approximate sales
Nijntje (Miffy) Dick Bruna Dutch 119 1955 — present 85 million[124]
Fear Street R. L. Stine English 114 1989 — present 80 million[125]
OSS 117 Jean Bruce French 265 1949–1992 75 million[126]
Winnie-the-Pooh A. A. Milne; illustrated by E. H. Shepard English 4 1926–1928 70 million[127]
Magic Tree House series Mary Pope Osborne English 43 1992–present 70 million[128]
Left Behind Tim LaHaye, Jerry B. Jenkins English 16 1996 — 2007 65 million[129]
A Series of Unfortunate Events Lemony Snicket aka Daniel Handler English 13 1999–2006 60 million[130]
Little House on the Prairie Laura Ingalls Wilder English 12 1932–2006 60 million[131]
Arch Books (Lantern Books) various authors English 1958 — present 58 million[132]
Discworld Terry Pratchett English 38 1983–present 55 million[133]
Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus John Gray English 15 1992–present 50 million[134]
The Hardy Boys various authors as Franklin W. Dixon English 190 1927-present 50 million[135]
The Bobbsey Twins various authors as Laura Lee Hope English 72 1904-79 50 million[136]
アンパンマン (Anpanman) Takashi Yanase Japanese more than 678 1970 — present 50 million[137]
Tarzan Edgar Rice Burroughs English 26 1914–1995 50 million[138]
[edit] Between 30 million and 50 million copies
Book series Author Original language No. of installments First published Approximate sales
Where's Wally?[139] Martin Handford English 13 1987–present 46 million[140]
A Child's First Library Of Learning various authors English 1980 - 45 million[141]
Junie B. Jones Barbara Park English 1992 - 44 million[142]
The Wheel of Time Robert Jordan English Currently 13. 14 planned 1990 - 44 million[143]
Millennium Trilogy Stieg Larsson Swedish 3 2005–2007 40 million[144]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid Jeff Kinney English 5 2007–present 37 million[145]
连环画 铁道游击队 (Picture-and-story book Railway Guerilla) original author: Liu Zhixia Chinese 10 1955–1962 36.52 million[146]
Paddington Bear Michael Bond English 70 1958–present 35 million[147]
徳川家康 (Tokugawa Ieyasu) Sohachi Yamaoka Japanese 26 1950–1967 30 million[148]
Ramona Beverly Cleary English 8 1955–1999 30 million[149]
The Dark Tower Stephen King English 7 1982-2004 30 million[150]
[edit] Between 20 million and 30 million copies
Book series Author Original language No. of installments First published Approximate sales
ノンタン (Nontan) Sachiko Kiyono Japanese 25 1976–2006 28 million[151]
Curious George Hans Augusto Rey and Margret Rey English 58 1941–present 27 million[152]
グイン・サーガ (Guin Saga) Kaoru Kurimoto Japanese 118 1979–2009 26 million[153]
Captain Underpants Dav Pilkey English 1997–present 26 million[154]
三毛猫ホームズシリーズ (Mike-neko Holmes series) Jirō Akagawa Japanese 43 1978–present 26 million[155]
Rich Dad, Poor Dad Robert Kiyosaki Sharon Lechter English 18 1997- 26 million [156]
Kurt Wallander Henning Mankell Swedish 10 1991–2002 25 million[157]
鬼平犯科帳 (Onihei Hankachō) Shōtarō Ikenami Japanese 24 1968–1990 24.4 million, only bunkobon[158]
Brain Quest series various authors English 1992–present 23.7 million[159]
かいけつゾロリ (Kaiketsu Zorori) Yutaka Hara Japanese 41 1987–present 23 million[160]
South Beach Diet Arthur Agatston English 6 2003–present 22 million[161]
竜馬がゆく (Ryoma ga Yuku) Ryōtarō Shiba Japanese 5 1963–1966 21.5 million[162]
ズッコケ三人組 (Zukkoke Sanningumi) Masamoto Nasu Japanese 50 1978–2004 21 million[163]
Shannara Terry Brooks English 20 1977–present 21 million[164]
Redwall Brian Jacques English 22 1986–present 20 million[165]
The Inheritance Cycle Christopher Paolini English 3 2002–present 20 million [166]
Maisy Lucy Cousins English 23 1990–present 20 million[58]
Dragonlance various authors English more than 150 1984 — present 20 million[167]
幻魔大戦 (Genma Taisen) Kazumasa Hirai Japanese 20 1979–1983 20 million[168]
青春の門 (The Gate of Youth) Hiroyuki Itsuki Japanese 1970–present 20 million[169]
The Foundation Trilogy Isaac Asimov English 3[170] 1950–1953 20 million[171]
Horrible Histories Terry Deary English 24 1993–present 20 million[172]
Artemis Fowl Eoin Colfer English 7 2001–present 20 million[173]
Rainbow Magic Daisy Meadows English 80+ 2003–present 20 million[174]
[edit] Between 15 million and 20 million copies
Book series Author Original language No. of installments First published Approximate sales
科学のアルバム (Kagaku no album) various authors Japanese 1970–present 19 million[175]
剣客商売 (Kenkaku Shobai) Shotaro Ikenami Japanese 18 1972–1989 18 million[176]
Erast Fandorin Boris Akunin Russian 12 1998–present 18 million[177]
吸血鬼ハンターD (Vampire Hunter D) Hideyuki Kikuchi Japanese 17 1983–present 17 million[178]
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Douglas Adams, plus a final book by Eoin Colfer English 6 1979–2008 16 million[179]
Bridget Jones Helen Fielding English 2 1996–present 15 million [180]
The Riftwar Cycle Raymond E. Feist English 25 1982–present 15 million [181]
The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency Alexander McCall Smith English 9 1999–present 15 million[182]
ぼくらシリーズ(Bokura series) Osamu Soda Japanese 36 1985–present 15 million[183]
His Dark Materials Philip Pullman English 3 1995–2000 15 million [184]
銀河英雄伝説 (Legend of the Galactic Heroes) Yoshiki Tanaka Japanese 14 1982–1989 15 million[185]
Der Regenbogenfisch (Rainbow Fish) Marcus Pfister German 1992–present 15 million[186]
[edit] Notes
The Perry Rhodan series has sold more than 1 billion copies,[187] but is not listed because that figure includes magazine sales, not novels alone. Similarly, the Jerry Cotton series has sold over 300 million copies, but most of these were in magazine format.[188]
The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien is included in the list as a single entry because it was written by Tolkien as a single book.
[edit] List of best-selling regularly updated books
[edit] More than 100 million copies
Book Author(s) Original language First published Approximate sales
新华字典 (Xinhua Zidian / Xinhua Dictionary) Chief editor: Wei Jiangong Chinese 1957 400 million[189]
Scouting for Boys Robert Baden-Powell English 1908 100-150 million[190]
The McGuffey Readers William Holmes McGuffey English 1853 125 million[191]
Guinness World Records (published every year) various authors English 1955 — present 115 million[192]
American Spelling Book (Webster's Dictionary) Noah Webster English 1783 100 million[14]
[edit] Between 50 million and 100 million copies
Book Author(s) Original language First published Approximate sales
World Almanac (published every year) various authors English 1868 — 1876; 1886–present 80 million[193]
六星占術によるあなたの運命 (Rokusei Senjutsu (Six-Star Astrology) Tells Your Fortune) Kazuko Hosoki Japanese 1986 — Present 79 million[194]
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Merriam-Webster English 1898 55 million[195]
[edit] Between 30 million and 50 million copies
Book Author(s) Original language First published Approximate sales
Roget's Thesaurus Peter Mark Roget English 1852 - 40 million[196]
できるシリーズ (Dekiru Series) Impress Dekiru Series Editorial Desk Japanese 1994–present 40 million[197]
수학의 정석 (數學의 定石) (The principle of Mathematics - Mathematics reference book) Hong Sung-dae Korean 1966–present (current edition since 1997) 40 million[198]
~ 37 million [199]
Better Homes and Gardens New Cook Book various authors English 1930 - 38 million [200]
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary A. S. Hornby English 1948 30 million[201]
Alcoholics Anonymous Big Book Bill Wilson English 1939 30 million [202][203]
Le guide Michelin France (The Michelin Guide France) (published every year) various authors French 1900–present 30 million[204]
[edit] Between 20 million and 30 million copies
Book Author(s) Original language First published Approximate sales
Betty Crocker Cookbook various authors as Betty Crocker English 1955- 27 million [205]
超図解シリーズ (Cho-Zukai series) X media Japanese 1996–2007 25 million[206]
自由自在 (Jiyu Jizai) various authors Japanese 1953–present 24 million[207]
新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai kokugo jiten) Tadao Yamada Japanese 1972 20.4 million[208]
English Grammar Lindley Murray English 1795 20 million[209]
[edit] Between 10 million and 20 million copies
Book Author(s) Original language First published Approximate sales
The Joy of Cooking various authors English 1936 18 million [210]
スーパーマップル (Super Mapple) various authors Japanese 1991–present 18 million[211]
チャート式 (Chart Shiki) various authors Japanese 1927–present 17.44 million, only for the first grade of high-school[212]
英語基本単語集 (Eigo Kihon Tangoshu) "Compilation of basic English vocabulary" Yoshio Akao Japanese, English 1942 17.2 million[212]
試験に出る英単語 (Siken Ni Deru Eitango) "English vocabulary in examinations" Ichiro Mori Japanese, English 1967 15 million[213]
新英和中辞典 (Shin Eiwa Chu Jiten) "New English-Japanese-Chinese Dictionary" Shigeru Takebayashi Japanese, English 1967 12 million[214]
広辞苑 (Kōjien) Izuru Shinmura Japanese 1955 11 million[208][215]
旺文社古語辞典 (Obunsha Kogo Jiten) "Obunsha Dictionary of Archaisms" Akira Matsumura Japanese 1960 11 million[216]
三省堂国語辞典 (Sanseido Kokugo Jiten) "Sanseido Dictionary of the Japanese Language" Kenbō Hidetoshi Japanese 1960 10 million[217]
家庭に於ける實際的看護の秘訣 (Katei Ni Okeru Jissaiteki Kango No Hiketsu) "Key to Practical Personal Care at Home" Takichi Tsukuda Japanese 1925 10 million[218]
[edit] See also
* The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written
* List of best-selling fiction authors
* List of bestselling novels in the United States
* List of literary works by number of languages translated into
* Lists of books
* Literature
* Novel
[edit] References
1. ^ Broadway.com on A Tale of Two Cities: "Since its inaugural publication on 30 August 1859, A Tale of Two Cities has sold over 200 million copies in several languages, making it one of the most famous books in the history of fictional literature." (24 March 2008)
2. ^ The Lord of the Rings is considered by most people to be a single book, because it was written and planned by the author to be such. Some people consider it to instead be a trilogy or series of three books, because it was originally published as a series of three volumes: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. This move by the publishing house was due largely to post-war paper shortages as well as to minimize the price of the first volume to aid sales. In subsequent printings the book has sometimes appeared as a single volume, and in at least one case was split into seven.Waterstones.com The figure of 150 million is a 2007 estimate of copies of the full story sold, whether published as one volume, three, or some other configuration.The Toronto Star 16 April 2007
3. ^ BBC: Tolkien's memorabilia go on sale. 18 March 2008
4. ^ China.org: "Sun said that the book has sold over 100 million copies worldwide so far." 14 December 2005
5. ^ Davies, Helen; Marjorie Dorfman, Mary Fons, Deborah Hawkins, Martin Hintz, Linnea Lundgren, David Priess, Julia Clark Robinson, Paul Seaburn, Heidi Stevens, and Steve Theunissen (14 September 2007). "21 Best-Selling Books of All Time". Editors of Publications International, Ltd.. http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/21-best-selling-books-of-all-time.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
6. ^ The Telegraphy on The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe: "This classic story has sold more than 85 million copies in 29 different languages since its publication in 1950." (3 April 2010)
7. ^ Time on She: "Since then it has sold 83 million copies in 44 languages." (17 September 1965)
8. ^ The Scotsman on Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: "SINCE its publication in 1943, The Little Prince has sold more than 80 million copies worldwide. " (17 March 2008)
9. ^ San José Mercury News on The Da Vinci Code: "That earlier book has sold more than 80 million copies worldwide, was adapted into a movie and made hits out of Brown's previous novels, including "Angels & Demons," whose film version is now in theaters." (5 June 2009)
10. ^ "Foyles". Foyles. 1994-08-04. http://www.foyles.co.uk/display.asp?K=9780140237504&aub=J%20D%20Salinger&m=7&dc=9. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
11. ^ AFP on The Alchemist: "Film mogul Harvey Weinstein on Sunday announced the screen adaptation of the novel, written 20 years ago and translated into 56 languages, with more than 65 million copies sold." (19 May 2008)
12. ^ Home Health Education Services Online Inc. (2008)
13. ^ ABC Australia on Heidi: "Johanna Spyri's story has been translated into fifty languages and sold fifty million copies, but the marketing juggernaut shows no signs of slowing down - fat from it. Heidi now has her own theme park." (5 August 2002)
14. ^ a b c d e The Top 10 of Everything 2002 by Russell Ash
15. ^ Reuters on Anne of Green Gables: ""Anne of Green Gables" has sold more than 50 million copies and been translated into 20 languages, according to Penguin." (19 March 2008)
16. ^ The Times on Black Beauty: "Fifty million copies of Black Beauty have been sold in the years since Anna Sewell's publisher paid her £20 for the story." (29 February 2008)
17. ^ Library Journal (nd)
18. ^ USA today (15 May 2006)
19. ^ "Walden Media". http://www.walden.com/walden/read/charlotte/eb_white.php. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
20. ^ "Worker's Press acknowledge Frederick Warne's intellectual property rights". Prnewswire.co.uk. 2003-07-10. http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=105175. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
21. ^ An early press report claimed that more than 72 million copies of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" had been sold within the first 48 hours of publication ("New 'Potter' sells 72 mil copies worldwide". Hollywoodreporter.com. 2007-07-24. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3ia424ecde35cd0d81dd5c1ec8fb1c09f6. Retrieved 2009-08-31. [dead link]). However, there has never been any evidence provided for this claim beyond the original source and it is almost certainly an error. All follow-up sales figures (for instance, those discussed on the separate entry for "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows") are consistent with total sales figures well below 30 million during the first month of publication. For example, according to Scholastic publishers, there are only 14 million copies of the American edition currently in print, and not all have been sold. At the same time, sales of the American edition were originally reported to be comparable to or greater than the number of copies sold of the British edition. As of 18 September 2007, fewer than 4 million copies of the British edition had been sold in the UK along with a comparable number sold in other countries (Allen, Katie (19 September 2007). "Sprechen Sie Potter? How Harry is spreading the English language". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/sep/19/books.harrypotter. Retrieved 2009-08-31. ). Thus the total number of copies sold as of September 2007 appears to have been approximately 20-25 million. Translations into other languages began appearing in late September 2007, substantially increasing the estimated number of copies sold worldwide. In June 2008, Forbes magazine reported sales had reached 44 million.
22. ^ The Celebrity 100 #9: J. K. Rowling "The final one, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, has sold 44 million since it was published last July, including 15 million in the first 24 hours."
23. ^ "Powell's Books". Powells.com. 2009-08-12. http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=1571744215. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
24. ^ Michael Fleming (20 April 2009). "Columbia moves on 'Symbol'". Variety Online. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118002603.html?categoryid=13&cs=1. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
25. ^ a b Евгений Немировский (2000-01-03). "Журнал "КомпьюАрт" | Подводя итоги XX столетия: книгоиздание. Бестселлер – детище рекламы". Compuart.ru. http://www.compuart.ru/article.aspx?id=8496&iid=346. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
26. ^ Repubblica Italiana on Le Avventure di pinocchio: "“The Adventures of Pinocchio” translated in more of 260 languages." (1 July 2001)
27. ^ The New York Times on You Can Heal Your Life: "“You Can Heal Your Life” immediately landed on the New York Times best-seller list. More than 35 million copies are now in print around the world." (4 May 2008)
28. ^ The Guardian on Kane and Abel: "Kane and Abel, first published in 1979, is Archer's bestselling novel – Pan says it has sold around 34m copies worldwide." (15 June 2009)
29. ^ Fox News on Het Achterhuis: "Thirty million copies of her diary have been sold, and it has been translated into 65 languages. " (29 March 2007)
30. ^ The Orlando Sentinel on To Kill a Mockingbird: "Thirty million copies of To Kill a Mockingbird have been sold since that coming-of-age novel, about a Southern lawyer who believed that no man should be denied justice because of the color of his skin, was first published in 1960 to critical acclaim." (11 June 2006)
31. ^ The Daily Mail on Gone with the Wind: "The book has sold more than 30 million copies in the decades since the publication of Margaret Mitchell's gripping tale of the Old South gasping its last breath, as the U.S. was torn apart by Civil War and its bitter aftermath." (4 April 2008)
32. ^ The Walrus December 2007 issue
33. ^ granma.cu March 6, 2007
34. ^ ABC News on The Purpose-Driven Life: "His book, "The Purpose Driven Life," has been translated into 56 languages and has sold 30 million copies." (7 March 2007)
35. ^ Wales Online on The Thorn Birds: "Her original novel, published in 1977 following a battle between two publishing houses that both wanted the manuscript, has sold around 30 million copies worldwide." (11 April 2009)]
36. ^ Greenville Online on Think and Grow Rich: "One of his books, "Think and Grow Rich," which he penned in 1937, sold 30 million copies and continues to serve readers today." (1 April 2009)
37. ^ The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature, p. 559, on The Revolt of Mamie Stover: "The Revolt of Mamie Stover (1951), which sold almost thirty million copies worldwide, [...]" (2005)
38. ^ Winnipeg Free Press on The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo: "The first book sold 30 million copies and is available in 44 languages." (15 April 2010)
39. ^ The Telegraph on The Very Hungry Caterpillar: "It has been translated into more than 50 languages and its sales have now surpassed the 30 million mark." (3 April 2010)
40. ^ "W.W. Norton and Company". Wwnorton.com. http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/20century/topic_3/crystal.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
41. ^ The Global Times on Who Moved My Cheese: "Who Moved My Cheese has sold over 26 million copies, staying on the New York Times bestseller list since its release in 1998." (23 November 2009
42. ^ The Columbus Dispatch on The Wind in the Willows: "More than 25 million copies of the book have been sold in 70 countries since 1908, according to the Copyrights Group, which is presently promoting a new edition." (4 May 2008)
43. ^ The Philadelphia Inquirer on Nineteen Eighty-Four: "Nineteen Eighty-Four has sold 25 million copies, is still read in high school and college, and remains the best-known example of anti-utopian literature." (22 June 2009)
44. ^ The Age on The Celestine Prophecy: "it has sold in the vicinity of 23 million copies since its publication in 1993" (22 March 2008
45. ^ The Toronto Star on Mario Puzo: "According to the Official Mario Puzo Library website, the book sold 21 million copies in hardback and paper by 1997." (21 July 2007)
46. ^ Playbill on Love Story: "Erich Segal's best-selling novel, which has sold 21 million copies worldwide in 33 languages[...]" (23 July 2010)
47. ^ The Financial Times on Wolf Totem: "Since it first appeared in 2004, Jiang Rong’s Wolf Totem has sold as many as 20 million copies." (15 March 2008)
48. ^ The Philadelphia Inquirer on The Happy Hooker: "He said he found it fascinating that her book, which has sold 20 million copies to date, is still being picked up today." (26 June 2008)
49. ^ The Times on Jaws: "Jaws stayed for 40 weeks in the bestseller charts of The New York Times, eventually selling 20 million copies [...]" (13 February 2006)
50. ^ The Huntsville Forester on Love You Forever: "The children’s classic Love You Forever has sold over 20 million copies worldwide and is in its 65th printing." (29 October 2008)
51. ^ Bookseller.com on Sophie's World: "W&N is already planning to reissue the 1995 classic Sophie’s World which has sold 20 million copies and has been translated into 50 languages. " (9 April 2009)
52. ^ CBC on The Women's Room: "It sold 20 million copies and was widely translated, despite poor reviews." (5 May 2009)
53. ^ The Australian on What to Expect When You're Expecting: "What to Expect When You're Expecting, in its fourth edition, was first published in 1984 and has sold more than 20 million copies." (27 October 2010)
54. ^ The Irish Independent on Where the Wild Things are: "Although consisting of just 10 lines of text in total, the book has endured (with some 19 million copies sold) as a -- if not the -- definitive story about the power of a child's imagination." (4 December 2009)
55. ^ The Hindustan Times on The Secret: "The book became an international best-seller, with a reported 19 million copies in print and translations in 46 languages, and continued to hold spots on best-seller lists through 2009." (16 July 2010)
56. ^ The New Yorker on Erica Jong: "Erica Jong, the novelist, essayist, and poet, has long lamented that “Fear of Flying,” which has sold more than eighteen million copies worldwide since it was published, in 1973, has overshadowed the remainder of her sizable oeuvre." (14 April 2008, online 7 April 2008)
57. ^ Playthings (1 April 2007)
58. ^ a b RJM Licensing[dead link]
59. ^ Forbes on Covey: "The original title has sold more than 15 million copies worldwide" (15 May 2003
60. ^ Time 26 November 1990.
61. ^ "Golden Books : Poky Little Puppy (Little Golden Book)". Jp.bookmooch.com. 1992-06-01. http://jp.bookmooch.com/detail/0307748057. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
62. ^ CBS on Ken Follett: "But since it was published in 1989, "The Pillars of the Earth" has become an international sensation, selling 15 million copies worldwide." (7 October 2007)
63. ^ The Financial Post on Dale Carnegie: "Dale Carnegie's How to Win Friends and Influence People, the gold standard of the genre, has sold more than 15 million copies since it was first published in 1937." (5 April 2008)
64. ^ The Patriot Ledger on Perfume: "Yet the scene, like the movie, is so daring, so challenging, you cannot help but respect Tykwer’s unerring desire to remain true to the source novel, a book that has sold 15 million copies and has been credited with inspiring Kurt Cobain to write the Nirvana classic ‘‘Scentless Apprentice.’’" (5 January 2007)
65. ^ The Forres Gazette on The Horse Whisperer: "Mr Evans is the author of "The Horse Whisperer", which sold 15 million copies worldwide and was made into a Hollywood film in 1998 directed by and starring Robert Redford." (10 September 2008)
66. ^ Irish Times on The Shadow of the Wind: "[...]his novel The Shadow of the Wind has sold more than 15 million copies worldwide, writes Arminta Wallace" (13 June 2009)
67. ^ The Toledo Blade on The Shack: "The Shack, originally self-published, has sold 12 million to 15 million copies since Mr. Young and two friends started a compa-ny, borrowed money, and printed 10,000 copies in May, 2007." (17 April 2010)
68. ^ http://contemporarylit.about.com/od/memoir/fr/dontPanic.htm
69. ^ USA Today on Tuesdays with Morrie: "The book has sold more than 14 million copies worldwide since 1997 and became an Oprah Winfrey-produced TV movie. " (8 April 2008)
70. ^ "Erskine Caldwell Biography". Id.mind.net. 1987-04-11. http://id.mind.net/~fletch/biography.html. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
71. ^ The International Herald Tribune on Follow Your Heart: "But Susanna Tamaro's "Follow Your Heart," the biggest selling Italian postwar novel, with more than 14 million copies sold, according to its publisher, Baldini Castoldi, as it was known then, sold barely 25,000 copies in the United States." (3 August 2008)
72. ^ Fox News on The Outsiders: "According to Viking, a division of Penguin Group USA, "The Outsiders" has sold more than 13 million copies and still sells more than 500,000 a year." (29 September 2007)
73. ^ Los Angeles Times 15 July 2005
74. ^ Associated Press on Norwegian Wood: "More than 10 million copies of the book have been sold in Japan alone, with 2.6 million more sold in another 33 languages." (2 September 2010)
75. ^ The Toronto Star on Grace Metalious: "It sold 100,000 copies in its first month and went on to sell another 12 million copies, was made into a film and eventually into a prime-time television series that made the young Mia Farrow a star." (21 July 2007)
76. ^ Britannica on Dune: "the epic Dune (1965; filmed by David Lynch in 1984), which was translated into 14 languages and sold some 12 million copies, more than any other science-fiction book in history;" (24 November 2007)
77. ^ China View on La Peste: "Translated into 28 languages, the book has sold more than 12 million copies around the world." (9 April 2008)
78. ^ Yomiuri Shimbun (21 April 2009)
79. ^ The Sunday Herald on The Naked Ape: "Morris is still flabbergasted that the book caused such a furore, although the publicity helped it sell 12 million copies." (11 March 2008)
80. ^ "The Novel". Madisoncounty.com. 1998-04-30. Archived from the original on July 12, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080712002204/http://www.madisoncounty.com/novel.html. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
81. ^ estimate of Giuliano Vigini (1999)
82. ^ The Standard on Chinua Achebe: "That Things Fall Apart, published in 1958, would sell about 11 million copies in about 45 languages?" (14 March 2008)
83. ^ http://www.selfgrowth.com/experts/kahlil_gibran.html
84. ^ The Wall Street Journal on The Exorcist: "Back in the 1970s, those smaller, rack-sized paperbacks were the blockbusters of the business, led by such best sellers as William Peter Blatty's "The Exorcist" (11 million copies sold); Peter Benchley's "Jaws" (more than nine million copies), and Sidney Sheldon's "The Other Side of Midnight" (six million copies plus)." (14 September 2007)
85. ^ The Telegraph on The Gruffalo: "The Gruffalo has sold more than 10.5 million copies, been adapted for stage in both the West End and Broadway, and in 2009 was made into a 30-minute animated film" (3April 2010)
86. ^ "'Catch-22' Author Joseph Heller Dies". Washingtonpost.com. 1999-12-13. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pmextra/dec99/13/heller.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
87. ^ Carlos Ramet in Ken Follett: The Transformation of a Writer page 44 on Ken Follett: "The first two editions alone sold over 10 million copies worldwide" (1999)
88. ^ The Telegraph on Stephen Hawking: "Prof Hawking is the author of A Brief History of Time — which has sold 10 million copies — and is currently writing two books." (27 April 2007)
89. ^ The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel on The Cat in the Hat: "There are more than 10 million copies in print today in more than a dozen languages, including the Latin, "Cattus Petasatus."" (14 April 2007)
90. ^ TVNZ on The Lovely Bones: "Published in 2002, Lovely Bones is the second novel by Alice Sebold, and has sold over 10 million copies worldwide, remaining on the New York Times hardback bestseller list for over a year." (5 May 2007)
91. ^ The Telegraph on Wild Swans: "Selling more than 10 million copies and topping the "most borrowed historical biography" chart in British libraries year after year, it proved a publishing phenomenon" (21 July 2007)
92. ^ Britannica on Santa Evita: "Martínez was best known as the author of two classics of Argentine and Latin American literature: La novela de Perón (1985, The Perón Novel, 1988) and Santa Evita (1995, Eng. trans., 1995); the latter was translated into 30 languages and sold more than 10 million copies." (22 November 2007)
93. ^ The New York Times on Night: "Indeed, since it appeared in 1960, “Night” has sold an estimated 10 million copies — three million of them since Winfrey chose the book in January 2006 (and traveled with Wiesel to Auschwitz)." (20 January 2008)
94. ^ The Times on The Kite Runner: "His first novel, The Kite Runner, sold 10 million copies." (11 April 2008)
95. ^ Bookseller.com on Yun Da: "" (14 April 2008)
96. ^ ABC News on The Total Woman: "One of the first books to address the issue was Marabel Morgan's "The Total Woman," which sold more than 10 million copies to women of all religious persuasions, making it the best-selling nonfiction book of 1974." (15 April 2008)
97. ^ "Waseda University". Waseda.jp. http://www.waseda.jp/wnfs/magazine/special/070108/index.html. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
98. ^ people.com.cn (2 August 2005)
99. ^ U.S. News and World Report on What Color is Your Parachute: "Today, Parachute is one of the all-time bestselling careers books, with more than 10 million copies of 37 editions snapped up since 1970. " (1 October 2008)
100. ^ Reuters on Harry Potter: "Based on author J.K. Rowling's seven novels, which have sold more than 400 million copies, [...]" (13 July 2009)
101. ^ CBC on Harry Potter: "Rowling's seven Harry Potter books have sold more than 400 million copies and have been translated into 64 languages." (4 December 2008)
102. ^ The Times on Goosebumps: "They are chill-and-thrill children’s tales by America’s answer to J K Rowling which have sold more than 350 million copies worldwide, closing in on Harry Potter’s record." (20 September 2008)
103. ^ Serafin, Steven R.; Bendixen, Alfred (2005). The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 1305. ISBN 9780826417770. http://books.google.com/books?id=LyJqIfNPSgcC&pg=PA421&dq=%22perry+mason%22+%22million+copies%22&as_brr=3&ei=Ve9CS-LFBYGGzgTx__WxBQ&cd=8#v=onepage&q=%22perry%20mason%22%20%22million%20copies%22&f=false. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
104. ^ Variety on the Berenstain Bears: "The company also is offering a new animated series based on the Berenstain Bears, the hugely popular children's brand that has sold more than 260 million books worldwide." (7 April 2002)
105. ^ The Globe and Mail on Choose Your Own Adventure: "The Choose Your Own Adventure DVD movies are adaptations of the original books, which sold more than 250 million copies. " (22 August 2006)
106. ^ Forbes on Sweet Valley High: "But despite 250 million copies in print, in 25 languages, Sweet Valley's sugar rush has been on the decline. " (28 October 2002)
107. ^ "Happy 50th birthday Noddy". BBC News. 1999-11-22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/531557.stm. Retrieved 2009-08-
Sunday, January 23, 2011
blog
A blog (a blend of the term web log)[1] is a type of website or part of a website. Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.
Most blogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via widgets on the blogs and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites.[2]
Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (Art blog), photographs (photoblog), videos (video blogging), music (MP3 blog), and audio (podcasting). Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.
As of December 2007, blog search engine Technorati was tracking more than 112 million blogs.[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
o 1.1 Origins
o 1.2 Rise in popularity
o 1.3 Political impact
o 1.4 Mainstream popularity
* 2 Types
* 3 Community and cataloging
* 4 Popularity
* 5 Blurring with the mass media
* 6 Consumer generated advertising in blogs
* 7 Legal and social consequences
o 7.1 Defamation or liability
o 7.2 Employment
o 7.3 Political dangers
o 7.4 Personal safety
o 7.5 Behavior
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links
History
Main articles: History of blogging and online diary
The term "weblog" was coined by Jorn Barger[4] on 17 December 1997. The short form, "blog," was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in April or May 1999.[5][6][7] Shortly thereafter, Evan Williams at Pyra Labs used "blog" as both a noun and verb ("to blog," meaning "to edit one's weblog or to post to one's weblog") and devised the term "blogger" in connection with Pyra Labs' Blogger product, leading to the popularization of the terms.[8]
Origins
Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including Usenet, commercial online services such as GEnie, BiX and the early CompuServe, e-mail lists[9] and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS). In the 1990s, Internet forum software, created running conversations with "threads." Threads are topical connections between messages on a virtual "corkboard."
The modern blog evolved from the online diary, where people would keep a running account of their personal lives. Most such writers called themselves diarists, journalists, or journalers. Justin Hall, who began personal blogging in 1994 while a student at Swarthmore College, is generally recognized as one of the earliest bloggers,[10] as is Jerry Pournelle.[11] Dave Winer's Scripting News is also credited with being one of the oldest and longest running weblogs.[12][13] Another early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site in 1994. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as sousveillance, and such journals were also used as evidence in legal matters.
Early blogs were simply manually updated components of common Web sites. However, the evolution of tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of Web articles posted in reverse chronological order made the publishing process feasible to a much larger, less technical, population. Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by dedicated blog hosting services, or they can be run using blog software, or on regular web hosting services.
Some early bloggers, such as The Misanthropic Bitch, who began in 1997, actually referred to their online presence as a zine, before the term blog entered common usage.
Rise in popularity
After a slow start, blogging rapidly gained in popularity. Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following, being further popularized by the near-simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools:
* Bruce Ableson launched Open Diary in October 1998, which soon grew to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovated the reader comment, becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers' blog entries.
* Brad Fitzpatrick started LiveJournal in March 1999.
* Andrew Smales created Pitas.com in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a "news page" on a Web site, followed by Diaryland in September 1999, focusing more on a personal diary community.[14]
* Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan (Pyra Labs) launched blogger.com in August 1999 (purchased by Google in February 2003)
Political impact
See also: Political blog
Since 2002, blogs have gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and spinning news stories. The Iraq war saw bloggers taking measured and passionate points[15] of view that go beyond the traditional left-right divide of the political spectrum.
On 6 December 2002, Josh Marshall's talkingpointsmemo.com blog called attention to U.S. Senator Lott's comments regarding Senator Thurmond. Senator Lott was eventually to resign his Senate leadership position over the matter.
An early milestone in the rise in importance of blogs came in 2002, when many bloggers focused on comments by U.S. Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott.[16] Senator Lott, at a party honoring U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond, praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would have been better off had Thurmond been elected president. Lott's critics saw these comments as a tacit approval of racial segregation, a policy advocated by Thurmond's 1948 presidential campaign. This view was reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See Josh Marshall's Talking Points Memo.) Though Lott's comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story. Blogging helped to create a political crisis that forced Lott to step down as majority leader.
Similarly, blogs were among the driving forces behind the "Rathergate" scandal. To wit: (television journalist) Dan Rather presented documents (on the CBS show 60 Minutes) that conflicted with accepted accounts of President Bush's military service record. Bloggers declared the documents to be forgeries and presented evidence and arguments in support of that view. Consequently, CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques (see Little Green Footballs). Many bloggers view this scandal as the advent of blogs' acceptance by the mass media, both as a news source and opinion and as means of applying political pressure.
The impact of these stories gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination. Though often seen as partisan gossips,[citation needed] bloggers sometimes lead the way in bringing key information to public light, with mainstream media having to follow their lead. More often, however, news blogs tend to react to material already published by the mainstream media. Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis. (See Daniel Drezner, J. Bradford DeLong or Brad Setser.)
Mainstream popularity
By 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream, as political consultants, news services, and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming. Blogging was established by politicians and political candidates to express opinions on war and other issues and cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See Howard Dean and Wesley Clark.) Even politicians not actively campaigning, such as the UK's Labour Party's MP Tom Watson, began to blog to bond with constituents.
In January 2005, Fortune magazine listed eight bloggers that business people "could not ignore": Peter Rojas, Xeni Jardin, Ben Trott, Mena Trott, Jonathan Schwartz, Jason Goldman, Robert Scoble, and Jason Calacanis.[17]
Israel's was among the first national governments to set up an official blog.[18] Under David Saranga, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs became active in adopting Web 2.0 initiatives, including an official video blog[18] and a political blog.[19] The Foreign Ministry also held a microblogging press conference via Twitter about its war with Hamas, with Saranga answering questions from the public in common text-messaging abbreviations during a live worldwide press conference.[20] The questions and answers were later posted on IsraelPolitik, the country's official political blog.[21]
The impact of blogging upon the mainstream media has also been acknowledged by governments. In 2009, the presence of the American journalism industry had declined to the point that several newspaper corporations were filing for bankruptcy, resulting in less direct competition between newspapers within the same circulation area. Discussion emerged as to whether the newspaper industry would benefit from a stimulus package by the federal government. President Barack Obama acknowledged the emerging influence of blogging upon society by saying "if the direction of the news is all blogosphere, all opinions, with no serious fact-checking, no serious attempts to put stories in context, that what you will end up getting is people shouting at each other across the void but not a lot of mutual understanding”.[22]
Types
There are many different types of blogs, differing not only in the type of content, but also in the way that content is delivered or written.
Personal blogs
The personal blog, an ongoing diary or commentary by an individual, is the traditional, most common blog. Personal bloggers usually take pride in their blog posts, even if their blog is never read. Blogs often become more than a way to just communicate; they become a way to reflect on life, or works of art. Blogging can have a sentimental quality. Few personal blogs rise to fame and the mainstream, but some personal blogs quickly garner an extensive following. One type of personal blog, referred to as a microblog, is extremely detailed and seeks to capture a moment in time. Some sites, such as Twitter, allow bloggers to share thoughts and feelings instantaneously with friends and family, and are much faster than emailing or writing.
Corporate and organizational blogs
A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for business purposes. Blogs used internally to enhance the communication and culture in a corporation or externally for marketing, branding or public relations purposes are called corporate blogs. Similar blogs for clubs and societies are called club blogs, group blogs, or by similar names; typical use is to inform members and other interested parties of club and member activities.
By genre
Some blogs focus on a particular subject, such as political blogs, travel blogs (also known as travelogs), house blogs,[23][24] fashion blogs, project blogs, education blogs, niche blogs, classical music blogs, quizzing blogs and legal blogs (often referred to as a blawgs) or dreamlogs. Two common types of genre blogs are art blogs and music blogs. A blog featuring discussions especially about home and family is not uncommonly called a mom blog.[25][26][27][28][29] While not a legitimate type of blog, one used for the sole purpose of spamming is known as a Splog.
By media type
A blog comprising videos is called a vlog, one comprising links is called a linklog, a site containing a portfolio of sketches is called a sketchblog or one comprising photos is called a photoblog.[30] Blogs with shorter posts and mixed media types are called tumblelogs. Blogs that are written on typewriters and then scanned are called typecast or typecast blogs; see typecasting (blogging).
A rare type of blog hosted on the Gopher Protocol is known as a Phlog.
By device
Blogs can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it. A blog written by a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA could be called a moblog.[31] One early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as sousveillance. Such journals have been used as evidence in legal matters.[citation needed]
Community and cataloging
The Blogosphere
The collective community of all blogs is known as the blogosphere. Since all blogs are on the internet by definition, they may be seen as interconnected and socially networked, through blogrolls, comments, linkbacks (refbacks, trackbacks or pingbacks) and backlinks. Discussions "in the blogosphere" are occasionally used by the media as a gauge of public opinion on various issues. Because new, untapped communities of bloggers can emerge in the space of a few years, Internet marketers pay close attention to "trends in the blogosphere".[32]
BlogDay
BlogDay was created with the belief that bloggers should have one day dedicated to getting to know other bloggers from other countries and areas of interest. The designated date is August 31, because when written 3108, it resembles the word "Blog". On that day, bloggers recommend five new blogs to their visitors, so that readers discover new, previously unknown blogs.
Blog search engines
Several blog search engines are used to search blog contents, such as Bloglines, BlogScope, and Technorati. Technorati, which is among the most popular blog search engines, provides current information on both popular searches and tags used to categorize blog postings.[33] The research community is working on going beyond simple keyword search, by inventing new ways to navigate through huge amounts of information present in the blogosphere, as demonstrated by projects like BlogScope.[citation needed]
Blogging communities and directories
Several online communities exist that connect people to blogs and bloggers to other bloggers, including BlogCatalog and MyBlogLog.[34] Interest-specific blogging platforms are also available. For instance, Blogster has a sizable community of political bloggers among its members.
Blogging and advertising
It is common for blogs to feature advertisements either to financially benefit the blogger or to promote the blogger's favorite causes. The popularity of blogs has also given rise to "fake blogs" in which a company will create a fictional blog as a marketing tool to promote a product.[35]
Popularity
Researchers have analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are essentially two measures of this: popularity through citations, as well as popularity through affiliation (i.e. blogroll). The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while it takes time for a blog to become popular through blogrolls, permalinks can boost popularity more quickly, and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls, since they denote that people are actually reading the blog's content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases.[36]
The blogdex project was launched by researchers in the MIT Media Lab to crawl the Web and gather data from thousands of blogs in order to investigate their social properties. It gathered this information for over 4 years, and autonomously tracked the most contagious information spreading in the blog community, ranking it by recency and popularity. It can therefore be considered the first instantiation of a memetracker. The project is no longer active, but a similar function is now served by tailrank.com.
Blogs are given rankings by Technorati based on the number of incoming links and Alexa Internet based on the Web hits of Alexa Toolbar users. In August 2006, Technorati found that the most linked-to blog on the internet was that of Chinese actress Xu Jinglei.[37] Chinese media Xinhua reported that this blog received more than 50 million page views, claiming it to be the most popular blog in the world.[38] Technorati rated Boing Boing to be the most-read group-written blog.[37]
Blurring with the mass media
Many bloggers, particularly those engaged in participatory journalism, differentiate themselves from the mainstream media, while others are members of that media working through a different channel. Some institutions see blogging as a means of "getting around the filter" and pushing messages directly to the public. Some critics worry that bloggers respect neither copyright nor the role of the mass media in presenting society with credible news. Bloggers and other contributors to user-generated content are behind Time magazine naming their 2006 person of the year as "you".
Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs — well over 300, according to CyberJournalist.net's J-blog list.[citation needed] The first known use of a blog on a news site was in August 1998, when Jonathan Dube of The Charlotte Observer published one chronicling Hurricane Bonnie.[39]
Some bloggers have moved over to other media. The following bloggers (and others) have appeared on radio and television: Duncan Black (known widely by his pseudonym, Atrios), Glenn Reynolds (Instapundit), Markos Moulitsas Zúniga (Daily Kos), Alex Steffen (Worldchanging), Ana Marie Cox (Wonkette), Nate Silver (FiveThirtyEight.com), and Ezra Klein (Ezra Klein blog in The American Prospect, now in the Washington Post). In counterpoint, Hugh Hewitt exemplifies a mass-media personality who has moved in the other direction, adding to his reach in "old media" by being an influential blogger. Equally many established authors, for example Mitzi Szereto have started using Blogs to not only update fans on their current works but also to expand into new areas of writing.
Blogs have also had an influence on minority languages, bringing together scattered speakers and learners; this is particularly so with blogs in Gaelic languages. Minority language publishing (which may lack economic feasibility) can find its audience through inexpensive blogging.
There are many examples of bloggers who have published books based on their blogs, e.g., Salam Pax, Ellen Simonetti, Jessica Cutler, ScrappleFace. Blog-based books have been given the name blook. A prize for the best blog-based book was initiated in 2005,[40] the Lulu Blooker Prize.[41] However, success has been elusive offline, with many of these books not selling as well as their blogs. Only blogger Tucker Max made the New York Times Bestseller List.[42] The book based on Julie Powell's blog "The Julie/Julia Project" was made into the film Julie & Julia, apparently the first to do so.
Consumer generated advertising in blogs
Consumer generated advertising is a relatively new and controversial development and it has created a new model of marketing communication from businesses to consumers. Among the various forms of advertising on blog, the most controversial are the sponsored posts. [43] These are blog entries or posts and may be in the form of feedbacks, reviews, opinion, videos, etc. and usually contain a link back to the desired site using a keyword/s.
Blogs have led to some disintermediation and a breakdown of the traditional advertising model where companies can skip over the advertising agencies (previously the only interface with the customer) and contact the customers directly themselves. On the other hand, new companies specialised in blog advertising have been established, to take advantage of this new development as well.
However, there are many people who look negatively on this new development. Some believe that any form of commercial activity on blogs will destroy the blogosphere’s credibility. [44]
Legal and social consequences
Blogging can result in a range of legal liabilities and other unforeseen consequences.
Defamation or liability
Several cases have been brought before the national courts against bloggers concerning issues of defamation or liability. U.S. payouts related to blogging totaled $17.4 million by 2009; in some cases these have been covered by umbrella insurance.[45] The courts have returned with mixed verdicts. Internet Service Providers (ISPs), in general, are immune from liability for information that originates with third parties (U.S. Communications Decency Act and the EU Directive 2000/31/EC).
In Doe v. Cahill, the Delaware Supreme Court held that stringent standards had to be met to unmask the anonymous posts of bloggers and also took the unusual step of dismissing the libel case itself (as unfounded under American libel law) rather than referring it back to the trial court for reconsideration.[46] In a bizarre twist, the Cahills were able to obtain the identity of John Doe, who turned out to be the person they suspected: the town's mayor, Councilman Cahill's political rival. The Cahills amended their original complaint, and the mayor settled the case rather than going to trial.
In January 2007, two prominent Malaysian political bloggers, Jeff Ooi and Ahiruddin Attan, were sued by pro-government newspaper, The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad, Kalimullah bin Masheerul Hassan, Hishamuddin bin Aun and Brenden John a/l John Pereira over an alleged defamation. The plaintiff was supported by the Malaysian government.[47] Following the suit, the Malaysian government proposed to "register" all bloggers in Malaysia in order to better control parties against their interest.[48] This is the first such legal case against bloggers in the country.
In the United States, blogger Aaron Wall was sued by Traffic Power for defamation and publication of trade secrets in 2005.[49] According to Wired Magazine, Traffic Power had been "banned from Google for allegedly rigging search engine results."[50] Wall and other "white hat" search engine optimization consultants had exposed Traffic Power in what they claim was an effort to protect the public. The case was watched by many bloggers because it addressed the murky legal question of who is liable for comments posted on blogs.[51] The case was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction, and Traffic Power failed to appeal within the allowed time.[52][53][54][55]
In 2009, a controversial and landmark decision by The Hon. Mr Justice Eady refused to grant an order to protect the anonymity of Richard Horton.[56]
In 2009, NDTV issued a legal notice to Indian blogger Chetan Kunte for "abusive free speech" regarding a blog post criticizing their coverage of the Mumbai attacks.[57] The blogger unconditionally withdrew his post, replacing it with legal undertaking and an admission that his post had been "defamatory and untrue" which resulted in several Indian bloggers criticizing NDTV for trying to silence critics.[58]
Employment
Employees who blog about elements of their place of employment can begin to affect the brand recognition of their employer. In general, attempts by employee bloggers to protect themselves by maintaining anonymity have proved ineffective.[59]
In late 2004, Ellen Simonetti was fired for what was deemed by her employer, Delta Air Lines, to be inappropriate material on her blog. She subsequently wrote a book based on her blog.
Delta Air Lines fired flight attendant Ellen Simonetti because she posted photographs of herself in uniform on an airplane and because of comments posted on her blog "Queen of Sky: Diary of a Flight Attendant" which the employer deemed inappropriate.[60][61] This case highlighted the issue of personal blogging and freedom of expression versus employer rights and responsibilities, and so it received wide media attention. Simonetti took legal action against the airline for "wrongful termination, defamation of character and lost future wages".[62] The suit was postponed while Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings (court docket).
In early 2006, Erik Ringmar, a tenured senior lecturer at the London School of Economics, was ordered by the convenor of his department to "take down and destroy" his blog in which he discussed the quality of education at the school.[63]
Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks, was fined during the 2006 NBA playoffs for criticizing NBA officials on the court and in his blog.[64]
Mark Jen was terminated in 2005 after 10 days of employment as an Assistant Product Manager at Google for discussing corporate secrets on his personal blog, then called 99zeros and hosted on the Google-owned Blogger service.[65] He blogged about unreleased products and company finances a week before the company's earnings announcement. He was fired two days after he complied with his employer's request to remove the sensitive material from his blog.[66]
In India, blogger Gaurav Sabnis resigned from IBM after his posts exposing the false claims of a management school, IIPM, led to management of IIPM threatening to burn their IBM laptops as a sign of protest against him.[67]
Jessica Cutler, aka "The Washingtonienne", blogged about her sex life while employed as a congressional assistant. After the blog was discovered and she was fired,[68] she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being sued by one of her former lovers in a case that could establish the extent to which bloggers are obligated to protect the privacy of their real life associates.[69]
Catherine Sanderson, a.k.a. Petite Anglaise, lost her job in Paris at a British accountancy firm because of blogging.[70] Although given in the blog in a fairly anonymous manner, some of the descriptions of the firm and some of its people were less than flattering. Sanderson later won a compensation claim case against the British firm, however.[71]
On the other hand, Penelope Trunk wrote an upbeat article in the Boston Globe back in 2006, entitled "Blogs 'essential' to a good career". She was one of the first journalists to point out that a large portion of bloggers are professionals and that a well-written blog can help attract employers.
Political dangers
Blogging can sometimes have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitive areas. Blogs are much harder to control than broadcast or even print media. As a result, totalitarian and authoritarian regimes often seek to suppress blogs and/or to punish those who maintain them.
In Singapore, two ethnic Chinese were imprisoned under the country’s anti-sedition law for posting anti-Muslim remarks in their blogs.[72]
Egyptian blogger Kareem Amer was charged with insulting the Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak and an Islamic institution through his blog. It is the first time in the history of Egypt that a blogger was prosecuted. After a brief trial session that took place in Alexandria, the blogger was found guilty and sentenced to prison terms of three years for insulting Islam and inciting sedition, and one year for insulting Mubarak.[73]
Egyptian blogger Abdel Monem Mahmoud was arrested in April 2007 for anti-government writings in his blog. Monem is a member of the banned Muslim Brotherhood.
After expressing opinions in his personal blog about the state of the Sudanese armed forces, Jan Pronk, United Nations Special Representative for the Sudan, was given three days notice to leave Sudan. The Sudanese army had demanded his deportation.[74][75][76]
In Myanmar, Nay Phone Latt, a blogger, was sentenced to 20 years in jail for posting a cartoon critical of head of state Than Shwe.[77]
Personal safety
See also: Cyberstalking and Internet homicide
One consequence of blogging is the possibility of attacks or threats against the blogger, sometimes without apparent reason. Kathy Sierra, author of the innocuous blog Creating Passionate Users, was the target of such vicious threats and misogynistic insults that she canceled her keynote speech at a technology conference in San Diego, fearing for her safety.[78] While a blogger's anonymity is often tenuous, Internet trolls who would attack a blogger with threats or insults can be emboldened by anonymity. Sierra and supporters initiated an online discussion aimed at countering abusive online behavior[79] and developed a blogger's code of conduct.
Behavior
The Blogger's Code of Conduct is a proposal by Tim O'Reilly for bloggers to enforce civility on their blogs by being civil themselves and moderating comments on their blog. The code was proposed due to threats made to blogger Kathy Sierra[80]. The idea of the code was first reported by BBC News, who quoted O'Reilly saying, "I do think we need some code of conduct around what is acceptable behaviour, I would hope that it doesn't come through any kind of regulation it would come through self-regulation."[81]
O'Reilly and others came up with a list of seven proposed ideas:[82][83][84][85][86]
1. Take responsibility not just for your own words, but for the comments you allow on your blog.
2. Label your tolerance level for abusive comments.
3. Consider eliminating anonymous comments.
4. Ignore the trolls.
5. Take the conversation offline, and talk directly, or find an intermediary who can do so.
6. If you know someone who is behaving badly, tell them so.
7. Don't say anything online that you wouldn't say in person.
See also
Internet portal
Journalism portal
* Blog award
* Blog search engines
* Blog software
* Blog traffic
* Blogskin
* BROG - (We)blog Research on Genre project
* Citizen journalism
* Collaborative blog
* Customer engagement
* Dream blog
* Edublog
* Home and family blog
* Interactive journalism
* List of blogging terms
* List of blogs
* List of social networking websites
* Massively distributed collaboration
* Microblogs
* Sideblog
* Social blogging
* User-generated content
* Webmaster
* Bernando LaPallo - the world's oldest blogger
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32. ^ See for instance:
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67. ^ Express India
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80. ^ Tim O'Reilly (2007-03-03). "Call for a Blogger's Code of Conduct". O'Reilly Radar. http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2007/03/call_for_a_blog_1.html. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
81. ^ "Call for blogging code of conduct". BBC News. 2007-03-28. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6502643.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
82. ^ Draft Blogger's Code of Conduct
83. ^ Blogger's Code of Conduct at Blogging Wikia
84. ^ MilBlogs Rules of Engagement
85. ^ Code of Conduct: Lessons Learned So Far, by Tim O'Reilly
86. ^ Blogger Content Policy
Most blogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via widgets on the blogs and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites.[2]
Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (Art blog), photographs (photoblog), videos (video blogging), music (MP3 blog), and audio (podcasting). Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.
As of December 2007, blog search engine Technorati was tracking more than 112 million blogs.[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
o 1.1 Origins
o 1.2 Rise in popularity
o 1.3 Political impact
o 1.4 Mainstream popularity
* 2 Types
* 3 Community and cataloging
* 4 Popularity
* 5 Blurring with the mass media
* 6 Consumer generated advertising in blogs
* 7 Legal and social consequences
o 7.1 Defamation or liability
o 7.2 Employment
o 7.3 Political dangers
o 7.4 Personal safety
o 7.5 Behavior
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links
History
Main articles: History of blogging and online diary
The term "weblog" was coined by Jorn Barger[4] on 17 December 1997. The short form, "blog," was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in April or May 1999.[5][6][7] Shortly thereafter, Evan Williams at Pyra Labs used "blog" as both a noun and verb ("to blog," meaning "to edit one's weblog or to post to one's weblog") and devised the term "blogger" in connection with Pyra Labs' Blogger product, leading to the popularization of the terms.[8]
Origins
Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including Usenet, commercial online services such as GEnie, BiX and the early CompuServe, e-mail lists[9] and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS). In the 1990s, Internet forum software, created running conversations with "threads." Threads are topical connections between messages on a virtual "corkboard."
The modern blog evolved from the online diary, where people would keep a running account of their personal lives. Most such writers called themselves diarists, journalists, or journalers. Justin Hall, who began personal blogging in 1994 while a student at Swarthmore College, is generally recognized as one of the earliest bloggers,[10] as is Jerry Pournelle.[11] Dave Winer's Scripting News is also credited with being one of the oldest and longest running weblogs.[12][13] Another early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site in 1994. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as sousveillance, and such journals were also used as evidence in legal matters.
Early blogs were simply manually updated components of common Web sites. However, the evolution of tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of Web articles posted in reverse chronological order made the publishing process feasible to a much larger, less technical, population. Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by dedicated blog hosting services, or they can be run using blog software, or on regular web hosting services.
Some early bloggers, such as The Misanthropic Bitch, who began in 1997, actually referred to their online presence as a zine, before the term blog entered common usage.
Rise in popularity
After a slow start, blogging rapidly gained in popularity. Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following, being further popularized by the near-simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools:
* Bruce Ableson launched Open Diary in October 1998, which soon grew to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovated the reader comment, becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers' blog entries.
* Brad Fitzpatrick started LiveJournal in March 1999.
* Andrew Smales created Pitas.com in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a "news page" on a Web site, followed by Diaryland in September 1999, focusing more on a personal diary community.[14]
* Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan (Pyra Labs) launched blogger.com in August 1999 (purchased by Google in February 2003)
Political impact
See also: Political blog
Since 2002, blogs have gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and spinning news stories. The Iraq war saw bloggers taking measured and passionate points[15] of view that go beyond the traditional left-right divide of the political spectrum.
On 6 December 2002, Josh Marshall's talkingpointsmemo.com blog called attention to U.S. Senator Lott's comments regarding Senator Thurmond. Senator Lott was eventually to resign his Senate leadership position over the matter.
An early milestone in the rise in importance of blogs came in 2002, when many bloggers focused on comments by U.S. Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott.[16] Senator Lott, at a party honoring U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond, praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would have been better off had Thurmond been elected president. Lott's critics saw these comments as a tacit approval of racial segregation, a policy advocated by Thurmond's 1948 presidential campaign. This view was reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See Josh Marshall's Talking Points Memo.) Though Lott's comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story. Blogging helped to create a political crisis that forced Lott to step down as majority leader.
Similarly, blogs were among the driving forces behind the "Rathergate" scandal. To wit: (television journalist) Dan Rather presented documents (on the CBS show 60 Minutes) that conflicted with accepted accounts of President Bush's military service record. Bloggers declared the documents to be forgeries and presented evidence and arguments in support of that view. Consequently, CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques (see Little Green Footballs). Many bloggers view this scandal as the advent of blogs' acceptance by the mass media, both as a news source and opinion and as means of applying political pressure.
The impact of these stories gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination. Though often seen as partisan gossips,[citation needed] bloggers sometimes lead the way in bringing key information to public light, with mainstream media having to follow their lead. More often, however, news blogs tend to react to material already published by the mainstream media. Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis. (See Daniel Drezner, J. Bradford DeLong or Brad Setser.)
Mainstream popularity
By 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream, as political consultants, news services, and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming. Blogging was established by politicians and political candidates to express opinions on war and other issues and cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See Howard Dean and Wesley Clark.) Even politicians not actively campaigning, such as the UK's Labour Party's MP Tom Watson, began to blog to bond with constituents.
In January 2005, Fortune magazine listed eight bloggers that business people "could not ignore": Peter Rojas, Xeni Jardin, Ben Trott, Mena Trott, Jonathan Schwartz, Jason Goldman, Robert Scoble, and Jason Calacanis.[17]
Israel's was among the first national governments to set up an official blog.[18] Under David Saranga, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs became active in adopting Web 2.0 initiatives, including an official video blog[18] and a political blog.[19] The Foreign Ministry also held a microblogging press conference via Twitter about its war with Hamas, with Saranga answering questions from the public in common text-messaging abbreviations during a live worldwide press conference.[20] The questions and answers were later posted on IsraelPolitik, the country's official political blog.[21]
The impact of blogging upon the mainstream media has also been acknowledged by governments. In 2009, the presence of the American journalism industry had declined to the point that several newspaper corporations were filing for bankruptcy, resulting in less direct competition between newspapers within the same circulation area. Discussion emerged as to whether the newspaper industry would benefit from a stimulus package by the federal government. President Barack Obama acknowledged the emerging influence of blogging upon society by saying "if the direction of the news is all blogosphere, all opinions, with no serious fact-checking, no serious attempts to put stories in context, that what you will end up getting is people shouting at each other across the void but not a lot of mutual understanding”.[22]
Types
There are many different types of blogs, differing not only in the type of content, but also in the way that content is delivered or written.
Personal blogs
The personal blog, an ongoing diary or commentary by an individual, is the traditional, most common blog. Personal bloggers usually take pride in their blog posts, even if their blog is never read. Blogs often become more than a way to just communicate; they become a way to reflect on life, or works of art. Blogging can have a sentimental quality. Few personal blogs rise to fame and the mainstream, but some personal blogs quickly garner an extensive following. One type of personal blog, referred to as a microblog, is extremely detailed and seeks to capture a moment in time. Some sites, such as Twitter, allow bloggers to share thoughts and feelings instantaneously with friends and family, and are much faster than emailing or writing.
Corporate and organizational blogs
A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for business purposes. Blogs used internally to enhance the communication and culture in a corporation or externally for marketing, branding or public relations purposes are called corporate blogs. Similar blogs for clubs and societies are called club blogs, group blogs, or by similar names; typical use is to inform members and other interested parties of club and member activities.
By genre
Some blogs focus on a particular subject, such as political blogs, travel blogs (also known as travelogs), house blogs,[23][24] fashion blogs, project blogs, education blogs, niche blogs, classical music blogs, quizzing blogs and legal blogs (often referred to as a blawgs) or dreamlogs. Two common types of genre blogs are art blogs and music blogs. A blog featuring discussions especially about home and family is not uncommonly called a mom blog.[25][26][27][28][29] While not a legitimate type of blog, one used for the sole purpose of spamming is known as a Splog.
By media type
A blog comprising videos is called a vlog, one comprising links is called a linklog, a site containing a portfolio of sketches is called a sketchblog or one comprising photos is called a photoblog.[30] Blogs with shorter posts and mixed media types are called tumblelogs. Blogs that are written on typewriters and then scanned are called typecast or typecast blogs; see typecasting (blogging).
A rare type of blog hosted on the Gopher Protocol is known as a Phlog.
By device
Blogs can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it. A blog written by a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA could be called a moblog.[31] One early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as sousveillance. Such journals have been used as evidence in legal matters.[citation needed]
Community and cataloging
The Blogosphere
The collective community of all blogs is known as the blogosphere. Since all blogs are on the internet by definition, they may be seen as interconnected and socially networked, through blogrolls, comments, linkbacks (refbacks, trackbacks or pingbacks) and backlinks. Discussions "in the blogosphere" are occasionally used by the media as a gauge of public opinion on various issues. Because new, untapped communities of bloggers can emerge in the space of a few years, Internet marketers pay close attention to "trends in the blogosphere".[32]
BlogDay
BlogDay was created with the belief that bloggers should have one day dedicated to getting to know other bloggers from other countries and areas of interest. The designated date is August 31, because when written 3108, it resembles the word "Blog". On that day, bloggers recommend five new blogs to their visitors, so that readers discover new, previously unknown blogs.
Blog search engines
Several blog search engines are used to search blog contents, such as Bloglines, BlogScope, and Technorati. Technorati, which is among the most popular blog search engines, provides current information on both popular searches and tags used to categorize blog postings.[33] The research community is working on going beyond simple keyword search, by inventing new ways to navigate through huge amounts of information present in the blogosphere, as demonstrated by projects like BlogScope.[citation needed]
Blogging communities and directories
Several online communities exist that connect people to blogs and bloggers to other bloggers, including BlogCatalog and MyBlogLog.[34] Interest-specific blogging platforms are also available. For instance, Blogster has a sizable community of political bloggers among its members.
Blogging and advertising
It is common for blogs to feature advertisements either to financially benefit the blogger or to promote the blogger's favorite causes. The popularity of blogs has also given rise to "fake blogs" in which a company will create a fictional blog as a marketing tool to promote a product.[35]
Popularity
Researchers have analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are essentially two measures of this: popularity through citations, as well as popularity through affiliation (i.e. blogroll). The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while it takes time for a blog to become popular through blogrolls, permalinks can boost popularity more quickly, and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls, since they denote that people are actually reading the blog's content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases.[36]
The blogdex project was launched by researchers in the MIT Media Lab to crawl the Web and gather data from thousands of blogs in order to investigate their social properties. It gathered this information for over 4 years, and autonomously tracked the most contagious information spreading in the blog community, ranking it by recency and popularity. It can therefore be considered the first instantiation of a memetracker. The project is no longer active, but a similar function is now served by tailrank.com.
Blogs are given rankings by Technorati based on the number of incoming links and Alexa Internet based on the Web hits of Alexa Toolbar users. In August 2006, Technorati found that the most linked-to blog on the internet was that of Chinese actress Xu Jinglei.[37] Chinese media Xinhua reported that this blog received more than 50 million page views, claiming it to be the most popular blog in the world.[38] Technorati rated Boing Boing to be the most-read group-written blog.[37]
Blurring with the mass media
Many bloggers, particularly those engaged in participatory journalism, differentiate themselves from the mainstream media, while others are members of that media working through a different channel. Some institutions see blogging as a means of "getting around the filter" and pushing messages directly to the public. Some critics worry that bloggers respect neither copyright nor the role of the mass media in presenting society with credible news. Bloggers and other contributors to user-generated content are behind Time magazine naming their 2006 person of the year as "you".
Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs — well over 300, according to CyberJournalist.net's J-blog list.[citation needed] The first known use of a blog on a news site was in August 1998, when Jonathan Dube of The Charlotte Observer published one chronicling Hurricane Bonnie.[39]
Some bloggers have moved over to other media. The following bloggers (and others) have appeared on radio and television: Duncan Black (known widely by his pseudonym, Atrios), Glenn Reynolds (Instapundit), Markos Moulitsas Zúniga (Daily Kos), Alex Steffen (Worldchanging), Ana Marie Cox (Wonkette), Nate Silver (FiveThirtyEight.com), and Ezra Klein (Ezra Klein blog in The American Prospect, now in the Washington Post). In counterpoint, Hugh Hewitt exemplifies a mass-media personality who has moved in the other direction, adding to his reach in "old media" by being an influential blogger. Equally many established authors, for example Mitzi Szereto have started using Blogs to not only update fans on their current works but also to expand into new areas of writing.
Blogs have also had an influence on minority languages, bringing together scattered speakers and learners; this is particularly so with blogs in Gaelic languages. Minority language publishing (which may lack economic feasibility) can find its audience through inexpensive blogging.
There are many examples of bloggers who have published books based on their blogs, e.g., Salam Pax, Ellen Simonetti, Jessica Cutler, ScrappleFace. Blog-based books have been given the name blook. A prize for the best blog-based book was initiated in 2005,[40] the Lulu Blooker Prize.[41] However, success has been elusive offline, with many of these books not selling as well as their blogs. Only blogger Tucker Max made the New York Times Bestseller List.[42] The book based on Julie Powell's blog "The Julie/Julia Project" was made into the film Julie & Julia, apparently the first to do so.
Consumer generated advertising in blogs
Consumer generated advertising is a relatively new and controversial development and it has created a new model of marketing communication from businesses to consumers. Among the various forms of advertising on blog, the most controversial are the sponsored posts. [43] These are blog entries or posts and may be in the form of feedbacks, reviews, opinion, videos, etc. and usually contain a link back to the desired site using a keyword/s.
Blogs have led to some disintermediation and a breakdown of the traditional advertising model where companies can skip over the advertising agencies (previously the only interface with the customer) and contact the customers directly themselves. On the other hand, new companies specialised in blog advertising have been established, to take advantage of this new development as well.
However, there are many people who look negatively on this new development. Some believe that any form of commercial activity on blogs will destroy the blogosphere’s credibility. [44]
Legal and social consequences
Blogging can result in a range of legal liabilities and other unforeseen consequences.
Defamation or liability
Several cases have been brought before the national courts against bloggers concerning issues of defamation or liability. U.S. payouts related to blogging totaled $17.4 million by 2009; in some cases these have been covered by umbrella insurance.[45] The courts have returned with mixed verdicts. Internet Service Providers (ISPs), in general, are immune from liability for information that originates with third parties (U.S. Communications Decency Act and the EU Directive 2000/31/EC).
In Doe v. Cahill, the Delaware Supreme Court held that stringent standards had to be met to unmask the anonymous posts of bloggers and also took the unusual step of dismissing the libel case itself (as unfounded under American libel law) rather than referring it back to the trial court for reconsideration.[46] In a bizarre twist, the Cahills were able to obtain the identity of John Doe, who turned out to be the person they suspected: the town's mayor, Councilman Cahill's political rival. The Cahills amended their original complaint, and the mayor settled the case rather than going to trial.
In January 2007, two prominent Malaysian political bloggers, Jeff Ooi and Ahiruddin Attan, were sued by pro-government newspaper, The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad, Kalimullah bin Masheerul Hassan, Hishamuddin bin Aun and Brenden John a/l John Pereira over an alleged defamation. The plaintiff was supported by the Malaysian government.[47] Following the suit, the Malaysian government proposed to "register" all bloggers in Malaysia in order to better control parties against their interest.[48] This is the first such legal case against bloggers in the country.
In the United States, blogger Aaron Wall was sued by Traffic Power for defamation and publication of trade secrets in 2005.[49] According to Wired Magazine, Traffic Power had been "banned from Google for allegedly rigging search engine results."[50] Wall and other "white hat" search engine optimization consultants had exposed Traffic Power in what they claim was an effort to protect the public. The case was watched by many bloggers because it addressed the murky legal question of who is liable for comments posted on blogs.[51] The case was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction, and Traffic Power failed to appeal within the allowed time.[52][53][54][55]
In 2009, a controversial and landmark decision by The Hon. Mr Justice Eady refused to grant an order to protect the anonymity of Richard Horton.[56]
In 2009, NDTV issued a legal notice to Indian blogger Chetan Kunte for "abusive free speech" regarding a blog post criticizing their coverage of the Mumbai attacks.[57] The blogger unconditionally withdrew his post, replacing it with legal undertaking and an admission that his post had been "defamatory and untrue" which resulted in several Indian bloggers criticizing NDTV for trying to silence critics.[58]
Employment
Employees who blog about elements of their place of employment can begin to affect the brand recognition of their employer. In general, attempts by employee bloggers to protect themselves by maintaining anonymity have proved ineffective.[59]
In late 2004, Ellen Simonetti was fired for what was deemed by her employer, Delta Air Lines, to be inappropriate material on her blog. She subsequently wrote a book based on her blog.
Delta Air Lines fired flight attendant Ellen Simonetti because she posted photographs of herself in uniform on an airplane and because of comments posted on her blog "Queen of Sky: Diary of a Flight Attendant" which the employer deemed inappropriate.[60][61] This case highlighted the issue of personal blogging and freedom of expression versus employer rights and responsibilities, and so it received wide media attention. Simonetti took legal action against the airline for "wrongful termination, defamation of character and lost future wages".[62] The suit was postponed while Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings (court docket).
In early 2006, Erik Ringmar, a tenured senior lecturer at the London School of Economics, was ordered by the convenor of his department to "take down and destroy" his blog in which he discussed the quality of education at the school.[63]
Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks, was fined during the 2006 NBA playoffs for criticizing NBA officials on the court and in his blog.[64]
Mark Jen was terminated in 2005 after 10 days of employment as an Assistant Product Manager at Google for discussing corporate secrets on his personal blog, then called 99zeros and hosted on the Google-owned Blogger service.[65] He blogged about unreleased products and company finances a week before the company's earnings announcement. He was fired two days after he complied with his employer's request to remove the sensitive material from his blog.[66]
In India, blogger Gaurav Sabnis resigned from IBM after his posts exposing the false claims of a management school, IIPM, led to management of IIPM threatening to burn their IBM laptops as a sign of protest against him.[67]
Jessica Cutler, aka "The Washingtonienne", blogged about her sex life while employed as a congressional assistant. After the blog was discovered and she was fired,[68] she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being sued by one of her former lovers in a case that could establish the extent to which bloggers are obligated to protect the privacy of their real life associates.[69]
Catherine Sanderson, a.k.a. Petite Anglaise, lost her job in Paris at a British accountancy firm because of blogging.[70] Although given in the blog in a fairly anonymous manner, some of the descriptions of the firm and some of its people were less than flattering. Sanderson later won a compensation claim case against the British firm, however.[71]
On the other hand, Penelope Trunk wrote an upbeat article in the Boston Globe back in 2006, entitled "Blogs 'essential' to a good career". She was one of the first journalists to point out that a large portion of bloggers are professionals and that a well-written blog can help attract employers.
Political dangers
Blogging can sometimes have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitive areas. Blogs are much harder to control than broadcast or even print media. As a result, totalitarian and authoritarian regimes often seek to suppress blogs and/or to punish those who maintain them.
In Singapore, two ethnic Chinese were imprisoned under the country’s anti-sedition law for posting anti-Muslim remarks in their blogs.[72]
Egyptian blogger Kareem Amer was charged with insulting the Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak and an Islamic institution through his blog. It is the first time in the history of Egypt that a blogger was prosecuted. After a brief trial session that took place in Alexandria, the blogger was found guilty and sentenced to prison terms of three years for insulting Islam and inciting sedition, and one year for insulting Mubarak.[73]
Egyptian blogger Abdel Monem Mahmoud was arrested in April 2007 for anti-government writings in his blog. Monem is a member of the banned Muslim Brotherhood.
After expressing opinions in his personal blog about the state of the Sudanese armed forces, Jan Pronk, United Nations Special Representative for the Sudan, was given three days notice to leave Sudan. The Sudanese army had demanded his deportation.[74][75][76]
In Myanmar, Nay Phone Latt, a blogger, was sentenced to 20 years in jail for posting a cartoon critical of head of state Than Shwe.[77]
Personal safety
See also: Cyberstalking and Internet homicide
One consequence of blogging is the possibility of attacks or threats against the blogger, sometimes without apparent reason. Kathy Sierra, author of the innocuous blog Creating Passionate Users, was the target of such vicious threats and misogynistic insults that she canceled her keynote speech at a technology conference in San Diego, fearing for her safety.[78] While a blogger's anonymity is often tenuous, Internet trolls who would attack a blogger with threats or insults can be emboldened by anonymity. Sierra and supporters initiated an online discussion aimed at countering abusive online behavior[79] and developed a blogger's code of conduct.
Behavior
The Blogger's Code of Conduct is a proposal by Tim O'Reilly for bloggers to enforce civility on their blogs by being civil themselves and moderating comments on their blog. The code was proposed due to threats made to blogger Kathy Sierra[80]. The idea of the code was first reported by BBC News, who quoted O'Reilly saying, "I do think we need some code of conduct around what is acceptable behaviour, I would hope that it doesn't come through any kind of regulation it would come through self-regulation."[81]
O'Reilly and others came up with a list of seven proposed ideas:[82][83][84][85][86]
1. Take responsibility not just for your own words, but for the comments you allow on your blog.
2. Label your tolerance level for abusive comments.
3. Consider eliminating anonymous comments.
4. Ignore the trolls.
5. Take the conversation offline, and talk directly, or find an intermediary who can do so.
6. If you know someone who is behaving badly, tell them so.
7. Don't say anything online that you wouldn't say in person.
See also
Internet portal
Journalism portal
* Blog award
* Blog search engines
* Blog software
* Blog traffic
* Blogskin
* BROG - (We)blog Research on Genre project
* Citizen journalism
* Collaborative blog
* Customer engagement
* Dream blog
* Edublog
* Home and family blog
* Interactive journalism
* List of blogging terms
* List of blogs
* List of social networking websites
* Massively distributed collaboration
* Microblogs
* Sideblog
* Social blogging
* User-generated content
* Webmaster
* Bernando LaPallo - the world's oldest blogger
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83. ^ Blogger's Code of Conduct at Blogging Wikia
84. ^ MilBlogs Rules of Engagement
85. ^ Code of Conduct: Lessons Learned So Far, by Tim O'Reilly
86. ^ Blogger Content Policy
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