Manchester United Football Club is an English professional football club, based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, that plays in the Premier League. Founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, the club changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to Old Trafford in 1910.
In 1968, under the management of Matt Busby, Manchester United was the first English football club to win the European Cup, ten years after the Munich air disaster that claimed the lives of eight players. The current manager, Alex Ferguson, is the most successful manager in the club's history, having won 26 major honours since he took over in November 1986.[3]
Having won 18 league titles, four League Cups and a record 11 FA Cups,[4] Manchester United is one of the most successful clubs in the history of English football. The club has also won three European Cups and is unique in having won a Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League Treble, in the 1998–99 season.
Manchester United is one of the wealthiest and most widely supported football teams in the world.[5][6][7][8] The club is said to be worth £1.19 billion, making it the most valuable football club in the world.[9] After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million.[10]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
o 1.1 Early years (1878–1945)
o 1.2 Busby years (1945–1969)
o 1.3 1969–1986
o 1.4 Ferguson years (1986–present)
* 2 Crest and colours
* 3 Grounds
* 4 Support
o 4.1 Rivalries
* 5 Global brand
o 5.1 Sponsorship
* 6 Ownership and finances
* 7 Players
o 7.1 First-team squad
+ 7.1.1 On loan
o 7.2 Reserves and academy
o 7.3 Former players
o 7.4 Club captains
o 7.5 Player records
* 8 Club officials
o 8.1 Managerial history
* 9 Honours
o 9.1 Domestic
+ 9.1.1 League
+ 9.1.2 Cups
o 9.2 European
o 9.3 Worldwide
o 9.4 Doubles and Trebles
* 10 References
* 11 External links
o 11.1 Independent sites
History
Early years (1878–1945)
Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1878–1945)
refer to caption
A chart showing the progress of Manchester United F.C. through the English football league system from joining as Newton Heath in 1892–93 to 2007–08
Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot at Newton Heath.[11] The team initially played games against other departments and rail companies, but on 20 November 1880, they competed in their first recorded match; wearing the colours of the railway company – green and gold – they were defeated 6–0 by Bolton Wanderers' reserve team.[12] By 1888, the club had become a founding member of The Combination, a regional football league. However, following the league's dissolution after just one season, Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance, which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League. This resulted in the club starting the 1892–93 season in the First Division, by which time it had become independent of the rail company and dropped the "LYR" from its name.[11] After just two seasons, the club was relegated to the Second Division.[11]
A black-and-white photograph of a football team lining up before a match. Four players, wearing dark shirts, light shorts and dark socks, are seated. Four more players are standing immediately behind them, and three more are standing on a higher level on the back row. Two men in suits are standing on either side of the players.
The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905–06 season, in which they were runners-up in the Second Division
In January 1902, with debts of £2,670 – equivalent to £210,000 as of 2011[13] – the club was served with a winding-up order.[14] Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen, including John Henry Davies (who became club president), each willing to invest £500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name;[15] on 24 April 1902, Manchester United was officially born.[16][17] Under Ernest Mangnall, who assumed managerial duties in 1903, the team finished as Second Division runners-up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division, which they won in 1908 – the club's first league title. The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield[18] and ended with the club's first FA Cup title. Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911, but at the end of the following season, Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City.[19]
In 1922, three years after the resumption of football following the First World War, the club was relegated to the Second Division, where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925. Relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo-yo club, achieving its all-time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934. Following the death of the club's principal benefactor, J. H. Davies, in October 1927, the club's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson, who, in December 1931, invested £2,000 and assumed control of the club.[20] In the 1938–39 season, the last year of football before the Second World War, the club finished 14th in the First Division.[20]
Busby years (1945–1969)
Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1945–1969)
A black-and-white photograph of several people in suits and overcoats on the steps of an aircraft.
The Busby Babes in Denmark in 1955
In October 1945, the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby, who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection, player transfers and training sessions.[21] Busby led the team to second-place league finishes in 1947, 1948 and 1949, and to FA Cup victory in 1948. In 1952, the club won the First Division, its first league title for 41 years.[22] With an average age of 22, the media labelled the back-to-back title winning side of 1956 "the Busby Babes", a testament to Busby's faith in his youth players.[23] In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup, despite objections from The Football League, who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season.[24] En route to the semi-final, which they lost to Real Madrid, the team recorded a 10–0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht, which remains the club's biggest victory on record.[25]
A stone tablet, inscribed with the image of a football pitch and several names. It is surrounded by a stone border in the shape of a football stadium. Above the tablet is a wooden carving of two men holding a large wreath.
A plaque at Old Trafford in honour of the players who died in the Munich air disaster
The following season, on the way home from a European Cup quarter-final victory against Red Star Belgrade, the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players, officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich, Germany. The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives, including those of eight players – Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan – and injured several more.[26][27]
Reserve team manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final, which they lost to Bolton Wanderers. In recognition of the team's tragedy, UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958–59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers. Despite approval from the FA, the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition, since it had not qualified.[28][29] Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand, who combined with the next generation of youth players – including George Best – to win the FA Cup in 1963. The following season, they finished second in the league, then won the title in 1965 and 1967. In 1968, Manchester United became the first English club to win the European Cup, beating Benfica 4–1 in the final[30] with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best.[31] Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach, former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness.[32]
1969–1986
Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1969–1986)
A smiling man with dark hair wearing a white, green and blue tracksuit top over a blue shirt. He is holding a washbag under his right arm.
Bryan Robson was the captain of Manchester United for 12 years, longer than any other player.[33]
Following an eighth-place finish in the 1969–70 season and a poor start to the 1970–71 season, Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties, and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach. In June 1971, Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager, but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972.[34] Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season, only to see them relegated in 1974; by that time the trio of Best, Law, and Charlton had left the club.[30] The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976, but were beaten by Southampton. They reached the final again in 1977, beating Liverpool 2–1. Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards, following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist's wife.[32][35]
Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977. Despite major signings, including Joe Jordan, Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey, and Ray Wilkins, the team failed to achieve any significant results; they finished in the top two in 1979–80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final. Sexton was dismissed in 1981, even though the team won the last seven games under his direction.[36] He was replaced by Ron Atkinson, who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion. Under Atkinson, Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years – in 1983 and 1985. In 1985–86, after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches, the club was favourite to win the league, but finished in fourth place. The following season, with the club in danger of relegation by November, Atkinson was dismissed.[37]
Ferguson years (1986–present)
Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1986–present)
The torso and head of a grey-haired white man. He is wearing spectacles and a black coat.
Alex Ferguson has been manager of Manchester United since November 1986.
Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson's dismissal,[38] and guided the club to an 11th-place finish in the league.[39] Despite a second-place finish in 1987–88, the club was back in 11th place the following season.[40] Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed, victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay (after a 3–3 draw) saved Ferguson's career.[41][42] The following season, Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup, beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1–0 in the final at Old Trafford. A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992, in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1–0 at Wembley.[37] In 1993, the club won its first league title since 1967, and a year later, for the first time since 1957, it won a second consecutive title – alongside the FA Cup – to complete the first "Double" in the club's history.[37]
A white football player with short, dark, greying hair. He is wearing a red shirt, white shorts, white socks and white football boots. He is running and has puffed-out cheeks.
Ryan Giggs is the most decorated player in English football history.[43]
Manchester United's 1998–99 season was the most successful in English club football history as they became the first team to win the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League – "The Treble" – in the same season.[44] Losing 1–0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final, Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich, in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time.[45] The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1–0 in Tokyo.[46] Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football.[47]
In 2000, Manchester United competed in the inaugural FIFA Club World Championship in Brazil,[48] and won the league again in the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 seasons. The team finished as runners-up in 2001–02, before regaining the title in 2002–03. They won the 2003–04 FA Cup, beating Millwall 3–0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.[49] In the 2005–06 season, Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade, but recovered to secure a second-place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final. The club regained the Premier League in the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons, and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6–5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow's Luzhniki Stadium. Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game, overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton.[50] In December 2008, the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008–09 Football League Cup, and its third successive Premier League title.[51][52] That summer, Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £80 million.[53] In 2010, Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup, its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition.[54]
Crest and colours
A football crest. In the centre is a shield with a ship in full sail above a red field with three diagonal black lines. Either side of the shield are two stylised roses, separating two scrolls. The upper scroll is red and reads "Manchester United" in black type, while the lower scroll is white with "Football Club" also written in black.
Manchester United badge in the 1960s
The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms, although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail.[55] The devil stems from the club's nickname "The Red Devils"; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s, and incorporated into the club crest in 1970, although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971 (unless the team was playing in a Cup Final).[55]
A photograph of the Newton Heath team, taken in 1892, is believed to show the players wearing a red-and-white quartered jerseys and blue shorts.[56] Between 1894–96, the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys[56] which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts, which were worn with blue shorts.[56] After its name change in 1902, the club colours were changed to red shirts, white shorts, and black socks, which has become the standard Manchester United home kit.[56] Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck, similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final. They would remain part of their home kits until 1927.[56] In 1934, players sported cherry and white hooped shirts, but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division.[56] The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965, where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971, when the club reverted to black. The current home kit is a red shirt with a white collar, worn with white shorts and black socks.[57]
The Manchester United away strip has more often than not been a white shirt, black shorts and white socks, but there have been several exceptions. These include the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999–2000 season,[58] and the current away kit which is a white shirt with red and black flashes on the sleeves, with black shorts and white socks.[59] An all-grey away kit worn during the 1995–96 season was dropped after just two games because players claimed to have trouble finding their team-mates against the crowd.[60] In 2001, to celebrate 100 years as "Manchester United", a reversible white/gold away kit was released, although the actual match day shirts were not reversible.[61] The club's third kit is often all-blue, this was most recently the case during the 2008–09 season, to celebrate 40 years since it was worn for the club's first European Cup win in 1968.[62] Exceptions include blue-and-white striped shirts worn during the 1994–96 season, an all black kit worn during the Treble winning season, and white shirts with black-and-red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003–05.[63] The club's 2008–09 season away kit – a white shirt with blue and red trim, worn with blue shorts and white socks – was used as the club's third kit during the 2009–10 season.[64][65]
Grounds
Main articles: North Road, Bank Street, and Old Trafford
Old Trafford
Theatre of Dreams
A stand of a football stadium. The seats are red, and the words "Manchester United" are written in white seats. The roof of the stand is supported by a cantilever structure. On the lip of the roof, it reads "Old Trafford Manchester".
Location Sir Matt Busby Way,
Old Trafford,
Greater Manchester,
England
Broke ground 1909
Opened 19 February 1910
Owner Manchester United
Operator Manchester United
Construction cost £90,000 (1909)
Architect Archibald Leitch (1909)
Capacity 75,957 seated[2]
Tenants
Manchester United (1910–present)
Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road, close to the railway yard; the original capacity was about 12,000, but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League.[66] Some expansion took place in 1887, and in 1891 Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands, each able to hold 1,000 spectators.[67] Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road, the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893.[68] A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889.[69]
In June 1893, after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners, Manchester Deans and Canons, who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground, secretary A. H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton.[70] It initially had no stands, by the start of the 1893–94 season, two had been built; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the "Bradford end". At the opposite end, the "Clayton end", the ground had been "built up, thousands thus being provided for".[70] Newton Heath's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893, when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat-trick, Newton Heath's only goals in a 3–2 win. The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later.[70] In October 1895, before the visit of Manchester City, the club purchased a 2,000-capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club, and put up another stand on the "reserved side" (as distinct from the "popular side"). However, weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000.[71]
When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902, club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham.[72] Following financial investment, new club president J.H. Davies paid £500 for the erection of a new 1,000-seat stand at Bank Street.[73] Within four years, the stadium had cover on all four sides, as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators, some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand.[73]
However, following Manchester United's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later, it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies' ambition;[73] in February 1909, six weeks before the club's first FA Cup title, Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United, following the purchase of land for around £60,000. Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £30,000 for construction; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000, though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000. The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester. The stadium's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939, when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators.[74]
Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter. After the war, the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £22,278. While reconstruction took place, the team played its "home" games at Manchester City's Maine Road ground; Manchester United was charged £5,000 per year, plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts.[75] Later improvements included the addition of roofs, first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands. The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans' views, and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure. The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof, completed in time for the 1993–94 season.[32] First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £40,000, four 180-foot (55 m) pylons were erected, each housing 54 individual floodlights. These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand, which remains in use today.[76]
The Taylor Report's requirement for an all-seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993. In 1995, the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers, restoring capacity to approximately 55,000. At the end of the 1998–99 season, second tiers were added to the East and West Stands, raising capacity to around 67,000, and between July 2005 and May 2006, 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north-west and north-east quadrants. Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006, when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record.[77] The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007, when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4–1, with just 114 seats (0.15 percent of the total capacity of 76,212) unoccupied.[78] In 2009, reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957.[2][79]
Support
Friday, February 11, 2011
brazil
The Brazil national football team represents Brazil in international football and is controlled by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF), the governing body for football in Brazil. They are a member of the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) since 1923 and also a member of the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) since 1916. Brazil is the most successful national football team in the history of the FIFA World Cup, with five championships. They are also the most successful team in the FIFA Confederations Cup with three titles. In continental level, Brazil has won eight Copa América titles, the third most titles won, after Argentina and Uruguay who won 14 titles each.
Brazil are the reigning Copa América champions; they won the last two competitions in 2004 and 2007. Brazil are also the current holders of the FIFA Confederations Cup after winning the 2005 and the 2009 edition of the tournament. Brazil is currently ranked third by FIFA and is consistently considered the strongest football nation in the world, and has also been marked as one of the most competitive teams of each decade since the 1960s. Brazil are the only national team to have played in every World Cup.
Brazil, along with Argentina and Spain, are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental zone and the Verde-Amarela is the only team to have won the championship in four different continents; once in Europe (1958 Sweden), once in South America (1962 Chile), twice in North America (1970 Mexico and 1994 USA) and once in Asia (2002 S. Korea-Japan). A common quip about football is: "Os ingleses o inventaram, os brasileiros o aperfeiçoaram" ("The English invented it, the Brazilians perfected it").[5][6]
Brazil is currently coached by Mano Menezes, who was appointed to replace Dunga after the 2010 World Cup. Brazil is scheduled to host the 2013 Confederations Cup and the 2014 World Cup and therefore, they are automatically qualified for the tournaments. They are also scheduled to defend their Copa América title in the 2011 tournament that will be hosted in Argentina.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
o 1.1 Early history (1914–1957)
o 1.2 The Golden Era and Pelé (1958–1970)
o 1.3 The dry spell (1970–1994)
o 1.4 More to come (1994–2002)
+ 1.4.1 1994 World Cup
+ 1.4.2 1998 World Cup
+ 1.4.3 2002 World Cup
o 1.5 Parreira returns (2002–2006)
+ 1.5.1 2006 World Cup
o 1.6 Dunga period (2006–2010)
+ 1.6.1 2007 Copa América
+ 1.6.2 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup
+ 1.6.3 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification
+ 1.6.4 2010 FIFA World Cup
o 1.7 After the 2010 World Cup (2010–)
o 1.8 Games of the Brazil national team coached by Mano Menezes
* 2 Olympics
* 3 Nicknames
* 4 Venues
* 5 Colors
o 5.1 Kit evolution
* 6 Competitive record
* 7 Players
o 7.1 Current squad
o 7.2 Recent call-ups
o 7.3 Most capped players
o 7.4 Top goalscorers
o 7.5 IFFHS Player of the 20th Century
o 7.6 Brazilian Football Museum – Hall of Fame
o 7.7 Previous squads
+ 7.7.1 World Cup
+ 7.7.2 Copa America
+ 7.7.3 Confederations Cup
+ 7.7.4 Gold Cup
+ 7.7.5 Olympic Games
* 8 Managers
o 8.1 Current staff
* 9 Honors
o 9.1 Senior team
+ 9.1.1 Official titles
+ 9.1.2 Friendly titles
o 9.2 Olympic team
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 External links
[edit] History
Further information: Football in Brazil
[edit] Early history (1914–1957)
The first match of the Brazil national football team ever is generally believed to be a 1914 match between a Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo select team and the English club Exeter City, held in Fluminense's stadium.[7][8] Brazil won 2–0 with goals by Oswaldo Gomes and Osman,[7][8][9] whilst others claim a 3–3[10][11] draw. In contrast to its future success, the national team's early appearances were far from brilliant, partly due to an internal strife within Brazilian football associations over professionalism, which rendered the Brazilian Football Confederation unable to field full-strength teams.
Brazil's first match: At home against Exeter City in 1914.
In particular, disputes between the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro state football federations meant that the team would not be composed of players coming from either of the federations.[12][13] In both the 1930 and 1934 tournaments, Brazil were knocked out at the very first stage.[14][15] But 1938 was a sign of things to come, as Brazil ended up in third place, with Leonidas da Silva finishing the tournament as the top scorer of the tournament.
Brazil hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup, which was the first tournament to be held after World War II. It is the only time Brazil has hosted this championship to date (excluding the upcoming 2014 tournament). The 1950 tournament was unique in not having one single final, but rather a final round-robin stage of four teams. However, for all intents and purposes, the deciding match between Brazil and Uruguay acted as that tournament's "final". The match was hosted at the Maracanã stadium in Rio de Janeiro, watched by 199,854 people, and Brazil only needed a draw to win, but lost the match 2–1 after being up 1–0. This match has since been known in South America as the "Maracanazo". In Brazil it is called the "Final Fatídica" ("fateful final").[16]
For the 1954 FIFA World Cup in Switzerland, the Brazilian team was then almost completely renovated, so as to forget the Maracanã defeat, but still had a group of good players, including Nílton Santos, Djalma Santos, and Didi. Brazil didn't go very far though. The quarterfinals saw the favorites Hungary beat Brazil 4–2 in one of the ugliest matches in football history, which would become infamous as the Battle of Berne.[17]
[edit] The Golden Era and Pelé (1958–1970)
Brazil's coach, Vicente Feola, imposed strict rules on the squad for the 1958 FIFA World Cup, held in Sweden. The players were given a list of forty things that they were not allowed to do, including wearing hats or umbrellas, smoking while wearing official uniforms and talking to the press outside of allocated times. They were the only team to bring a psychologist to the training camp (because the memories of 1950 still affected some players) or a dentist (for, because of their humble origins, many players had dental problems, which caused them infections and also had negative impact on performance), and had sent a representative to Europe to watch the qualifying matches a year before the tournament had begun.
Brazil national team at 1959 Copa America
Brazil were drawn in the toughest group, with England, the USSR and Austria. They beat Austria 3–0 in their first match, then drew 0–0 with England. The Brazilians had been worried about their match with the USSR, who had exceptional fitness and were one of the favourites to win the tournament; their strategy was to take risks at the beginning of the match to try and score an early goal. Before the match, the leaders of the team, Bellini, Nílton Santos, and Didi , spoke to coach Vicente Feola and persuaded him to make three substitutions which were crucial for Brazil to defeat the Soviets and win the Cup: Zito, Garrincha, and Pelé would start playing against the USSR. From the kick off, they passed the ball to Garrincha who beat three players before hitting the post with a shot. They kept up the pressure relentlessly, and after three minutes, which were later described as "the greatest three minutes in the history of football",[18] Vavá gave Brazil the lead. They won the match by 2–0. Pelé scored the only goal of their quarter-final match against Wales, and they beat France 5–2 in the semi-final. Brazil beat the host Sweden, in the final by 5–2, winning their first World Cup and becoming the first nation to win a World Cup title outside of its own continent. A celebrated fact was that Feola would sometimes take naps during training sessions and would sometimes close his eyes during matches, giving the impression that he was asleep. Because of this, Didi was sometimes said to be the real coach of the team, as he commanded the midfield.
In the 1962 FIFA World Cup, Brazil earned its second title with Garrincha as the star player, a mantle and responsibility bestowed upon him after the regular talisman, Pelé, was injured during the first group match against Mexico and unable to play for the rest of the tournament.
In the 1966 FIFA World Cup, the preparation of the team was affected by political influences. All the major Brazilian clubs wanted their players included in the Brazilian team, to give them more exposure. In the final months of preparation to the World Cup, the coach Vicente Feola was working with 46 players, of which only 22 would go to England; this caused lots of internal dispute and psychological pressure on the players and managing staff. The result was that, in 1966, Brazil had their worst performance in all World Cups. Another perhaps bigger issue was that Pelé, who possibly had been at the height of his career at this stage, was chopped off at seemingly every opportunity in the group matches.The 1966 tournament was remembered for its excessive physical play, and Pelé was one of the players affected by such play. After becoming the first player ever to score in three World Cups, with a direct free kick against Bulgaria, he had to rest, due to fatigue, for the match against Hungary, which Brazil lost. He then faced Portugal, and several violent tackles by the Portuguese defenders caused him to leave the match and the tournament. Brazil lost that match and were eliminated in the first round of the World Cup for the first time since 1934. After the tournament, Pelé declared that he did not wish to play in the World Cup again.
Brazil won its third World Cup in Mexico in the 1970 FIFA World Cup. Brazil fielded what has since then been considered the best association football squad ever, led by Pelé in his last World Cup final, captain Carlos Alberto Torres, Jairzinho, Tostão, Gérson and Rivelino. After winning the Jules Rimet Trophy for the third time, Brazil were allowed to keep it for good.
Brazil’s results in 1970 were as follows:
Group 3: Brazil 4–1 Czechoslovakia Brazil 1–0 England Brazil 3–2 Romania
Quarter-final: Brazil 4–2 Peru Semi-final: Brazil 3–1 Uruguay Final: Brazil 4–1 Italy
Six games, six wins. Jairzinho was second top scorer with seven goals, Pele finished with four goals. Most importantly, Brazil lifted the Jules Rimet World Cup trophy for the third time, which meant they got to keep it. An incredible achievement that no nation has ever equalled. The dominance of the Brazil teams of 1958 to 1970 are the reason we have a different World Cup trophy today. However, it would be 24 years before Brazil got their hands on the new version.
[edit] The dry spell (1970–1994)
After the international retirement of Pelé and other stars from the 1970 squad, Brazil were not able to overcome Netherlands' Total Football and could not defend its title in the 1974 FIFA World Cup, finishing in fourth place, after failing to achieve victory against a strong Polish side.[19]
The 1978 FIFA World Cup was notoriously controversial[citation needed]. In the second group stage, Brazil were competing with tournament host Argentina for top spot and a place in the finals. In their last group match, Brazil defeated Poland 3–1 to go top of the group with a goal difference of +5. Argentina were only on a goal difference of +2, but in their last group match, they managed, controversially[citation needed], to defeat Peru by 6–0 and thus qualify for the final. Brazil were forced to settle for the third place match, when they defeated Italy by 2–1.
In the 1982 FIFA World Cup, the tournament favorites Brazil easily moved through the early part of the draw, but a 3–2 defeat to Italy, in one of the classic games in finals history, eliminated them from the tournament. Paolo Rossi scored all three of Italy's goals. The seleção was defeated in the match they still refer to as the "Sarrias Disaster", a reference to the stadium's name, and manager Telê would be much blamed by the Brazilian media for using an attacking system while a 2–2 draw was enough. The 1982 squad, with players like Sócrates, Zico, Falcão and Éder, is best remembered as one of the greatest teams never to win a World Cup.
Telê Santana and several players of 1982 returned to play in the 1986 World Cup hosted by Mexico. The players were older but still capable of an enchanting performance. They were troubled, however, by an injury Zico picked up before the World Cup. Incessant questions about whether and when he could play undoubtedly had some negative effect on the team. Brazil met France in the quarter-finals and the match is considered an absolute classic of "total football". Neither side deserved to lose but when Zico finally came on in the second half (with the score 1–1), and Brazil were awarded a penalty late in the game, Brazil seemed set to win. But Zico, the hero of a whole generation of Brazilian football fans, missed the penalty – and after a goalless but thoroughly exciting extra time it all came down to a penalty shoot out. There Zico managed to score from his penalty but Júlio César da Silva and Sócrates missed the goal in their turn, and despite French captain Michel Platini sending his effort over the cross bar, Brazil nevertheless were eliminated 4–3.
In the 1990 FIFA World Cup, Brazil was coached by Sebastião Lazaroni, who was hardly known before the Cup. With a defensive scheme, whose main symbol was mid-fielder Dunga, and three full-backs, the team lacked creativity but made it to the second round. Against a weaker Argentine side, the Brazilians applied heavy pressure and had numerous chances to score, but it was Claudio Caniggia who managed to find Brazil's net and eliminate them after a brilliant assist from Maradona.
[edit] More to come (1994–2002)
[edit] 1994 World Cup
Brazil, to the surprise of many, went 24 years without winning a World Cup or even participating in a final. Their struggles ended at the 1994 tournament in the United States, where a solid, if unspectacular side headed by the likes of Romário, Bebeto, Dunga, Taffarel, and Jorginho won the World Cup for a then-record 4th time. Highlights of their campaign included a 1–0 victory over the host in the round of 16, a sensational 3–2 win over the Dutch in the quarter-finals (often cited as the game of the tournament) and a 1–0 win over the Swedes in the semis. This set up a classic confrontation, Brazil vs. Italy, in the final. After a dour and unexciting 0–0 draw, penalty kicks loomed, and when Roberto Baggio lifted his spot kick over the crossbar, Brazil were champions once again. A new era of dominance had begun.
[edit] 1998 World Cup
Brazil finished runner-up in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. After a very respectable campaign during which they beat Netherlands on penalties in the semi-final following a 1–1 draw with goals from Ronaldo and Patrick Kluivert, the team lost to host France 3–0 in a problematic final game. Brazilian marking at defensive set pieces was poor, and Zinédine Zidane was able to score two headed goals from France's corner kicks. Also, Brazilian star Ronaldo suffered an epileptic seizure a few hours before the match. Many criticized the decision to reinstate Ronaldo into the starting lineup as he put on a poor performance.
[edit] 2002 World Cup
Fuelled by the scintillating play of the "Three R's" (Ronaldo, Rivaldo, Ronaldinho), Brazil won its fifth championship at the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in South Korea and Japan. The groupings appeared at first glance to favor Brazilian team; their adversaries would be Turkey, China and Costa Rica. In the end, a stronger than expected Turkey finished the tournament in third place. Brazil went on to beat all three opponents, scoring 11 goals and conceding only three, and topping the group.
In Brazil's opening game against Turkey, Rivaldo fell to the ground clutching his face after Turkey's Hakan Ünsal had kicked the ball at his legs. Hakan Ünsal, who had already been booked, was sent off while Rivaldo jumped to his feet and continued playing. Rivaldo escaped suspension but was fined £5,180 for play-acting. He became the first player ever ,to be punished in FIFA's crackdown on "simulation" and "diving." They followed with a 4–0 win over China and a 5–2 win over Costa Rica.
Next, Brazil defeated Belgium 2–0, in the round-of-16. Against England in the quarter finals, Brazil won 2–1. Ronaldinho scored the winner with a remarkable lofted free kick and also assisted teammate Rivaldo for their first goal, but was sent off for stamping on the right ankle of England's Danny Mills. The semifinal was against Turkey, which Brazil had faced in their group. Again, this match was difficult, as Brazil won 1–0 with a goal by Ronaldo. Rivaldo had scored one goal in all five games up to this one but did not manage to hit the target in the sixth. He had seemed all set to repeat Jairzinho´s great achievement in 1970 when he scored in every game of the World Cup.
The final was between two of the most successful teams in the competition's history: Germany and Brazil. Incredibly, the teams had never played each other in the World Cup before, besides a match between Brazil and East Germany in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. German goalkeeper Oliver Kahn had been the tournament's best keeper, but was not able to maintain his post unscathed in this match, as Ronaldo vanquished his France '98 demons by scoring both goals in the Brazilian 2–0 triumph.[20] Ronaldo also won the Golden Shoe as the tournament's leading scorer, though Kahn won the Golden Ball as the most outstanding player.
[edit] Parreira returns (2002–2006)
On June 29, 2005, Brazil won the Confederations Cup for the second time with an emphatic 4–1 victory over arch-rivals Argentina in Frankfurt, Germany.[21] They also won another championship, the 2004 Copa América in which Brazil defeated Argentina in a penalty shootout.[22] Argentina had defeated Peru in the quarterfinals, and Colombia in the semifinals.
[edit] 2006 World Cup
Main article: Brazil at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
Brazilian's coach Carlos Alberto Parreira presented a formation nicknamed "The Magic Square" by the Brazilian sport journalists, based in 4 offensive players: Ronaldo, Adriano, Kaká, and Ronaldinho.
During the preparation stages, the team presented some problems. The team's greatest star Ronaldo had got a bad build-up, after returning from a two-month injury recovery. He also had blisters on his feet and a fever during the training matches.[23]
Despite winning the first 2 games against Croatia (1–0) and Australia (2–0), the "Magic Square" didn't seem to work as expected and struggled to beat the opponents' defense. In the third game, manager Parreira tried a new squad with five former reserve players, including Robinho, and Cicinho. The changes were successful, as the team put on a comfortable 4–1 win against Japan.
The Brazilian squad preparing for the World Cup in Weggis, Switzerland.
During the second round, they defeated Ghana 3–0, with the Magic Square again this time. However, Brazil was eliminated in the quarterfinals against France by a score of 1–0. France was led by a rejuvenated Zinédine Zidane and by a strong defence which kept the Brazilian strikers under check for the duration of the game. Perhaps partially due to their uncommon formation, Brazil was shut out, attempting just one shot at French goalkeeper Fabien Barthez. The game was also notable for being the first time that the Brazil team had been shut out in 3 consecutive matches against France, now has a 2–1–1 all-time record in 1986, 1998 and 2006 in World Cup matches.
After elimination to France, the Brazil team was largely criticized by the press and the fans. The media circulated images of the left wingback Roberto Carlos tying his shoes while Henry ran unmarked to score the winning goal. The sporting legend Pelé blamed coach Parreira and Ronaldinho for the team's early elimination.[24]
[edit] Dunga period (2006–2010)
1994 World Cup-winning captain Dunga was hired as Brazil's new team manager on July 24, 2006, almost right after the World Cup was over.[25] Dunga's former teammate, Jorginho, was hired as his assistant. His first match in charge was against Norway which was played in Oslo on August 16, 2006, ended in a 1–1 draw.[26] His second match was held against Argentina on September 3 in Arsenal's brand new Emirates Stadium in London, in which Brazil defeated Argentina by a 3–0 score.[27] On September 5, they won over Wales by 2–0 at Tottenham Hotspur's White Hart Lane ground. They later defeated Kuwait club Al-Kuwait by 4–0, Ecuador by 2–1, and had a 2–1 away win against Switzerland.
Dunga's first defeat as Brazil's manager was on February 6, 2007 in a friendly match against Portugal, which at that time was coached by former Brazil coach Luiz Felipe Scolari.[28] Respectively on March 24 and March 27, 2007, Brazil bounced back from their first defeat under Dunga with wins in friendly matches against Chile (4–0) and Ghana (1–0) in Sweden.[29]
Unlike Parreira, Dunga has focused on the task of deemphasizing all players and treating them as equals. He did not just look for players in popular clubs such as Milan, Barcelona, Real Madrid, etc., but looked at the whole scope of Europe, finding individual talents such as Vágner Love and Dudu Cearense who were playing for Russian club CSKA Moscow and Elano who was playing for Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk. Of the four players who were dubbed as the 'Magic Quartet', Ronaldinho and Kaká were the only players who had a regular place in the Brazil squad. Adriano was called back in the squad for a friendly against Portugal in February 2007, which Brazil lost 0–2. Dunga did not select the last member of the Magic Quartet, Ronaldo. Instead, Luís Fabiano has made the majority of appearances at striker.
Brazil are the reigning Copa América champions; they won the last two competitions in 2004 and 2007. Brazil are also the current holders of the FIFA Confederations Cup after winning the 2005 and the 2009 edition of the tournament. Brazil is currently ranked third by FIFA and is consistently considered the strongest football nation in the world, and has also been marked as one of the most competitive teams of each decade since the 1960s. Brazil are the only national team to have played in every World Cup.
Brazil, along with Argentina and Spain, are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental zone and the Verde-Amarela is the only team to have won the championship in four different continents; once in Europe (1958 Sweden), once in South America (1962 Chile), twice in North America (1970 Mexico and 1994 USA) and once in Asia (2002 S. Korea-Japan). A common quip about football is: "Os ingleses o inventaram, os brasileiros o aperfeiçoaram" ("The English invented it, the Brazilians perfected it").[5][6]
Brazil is currently coached by Mano Menezes, who was appointed to replace Dunga after the 2010 World Cup. Brazil is scheduled to host the 2013 Confederations Cup and the 2014 World Cup and therefore, they are automatically qualified for the tournaments. They are also scheduled to defend their Copa América title in the 2011 tournament that will be hosted in Argentina.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
o 1.1 Early history (1914–1957)
o 1.2 The Golden Era and Pelé (1958–1970)
o 1.3 The dry spell (1970–1994)
o 1.4 More to come (1994–2002)
+ 1.4.1 1994 World Cup
+ 1.4.2 1998 World Cup
+ 1.4.3 2002 World Cup
o 1.5 Parreira returns (2002–2006)
+ 1.5.1 2006 World Cup
o 1.6 Dunga period (2006–2010)
+ 1.6.1 2007 Copa América
+ 1.6.2 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup
+ 1.6.3 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification
+ 1.6.4 2010 FIFA World Cup
o 1.7 After the 2010 World Cup (2010–)
o 1.8 Games of the Brazil national team coached by Mano Menezes
* 2 Olympics
* 3 Nicknames
* 4 Venues
* 5 Colors
o 5.1 Kit evolution
* 6 Competitive record
* 7 Players
o 7.1 Current squad
o 7.2 Recent call-ups
o 7.3 Most capped players
o 7.4 Top goalscorers
o 7.5 IFFHS Player of the 20th Century
o 7.6 Brazilian Football Museum – Hall of Fame
o 7.7 Previous squads
+ 7.7.1 World Cup
+ 7.7.2 Copa America
+ 7.7.3 Confederations Cup
+ 7.7.4 Gold Cup
+ 7.7.5 Olympic Games
* 8 Managers
o 8.1 Current staff
* 9 Honors
o 9.1 Senior team
+ 9.1.1 Official titles
+ 9.1.2 Friendly titles
o 9.2 Olympic team
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 External links
[edit] History
Further information: Football in Brazil
[edit] Early history (1914–1957)
The first match of the Brazil national football team ever is generally believed to be a 1914 match between a Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo select team and the English club Exeter City, held in Fluminense's stadium.[7][8] Brazil won 2–0 with goals by Oswaldo Gomes and Osman,[7][8][9] whilst others claim a 3–3[10][11] draw. In contrast to its future success, the national team's early appearances were far from brilliant, partly due to an internal strife within Brazilian football associations over professionalism, which rendered the Brazilian Football Confederation unable to field full-strength teams.
Brazil's first match: At home against Exeter City in 1914.
In particular, disputes between the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro state football federations meant that the team would not be composed of players coming from either of the federations.[12][13] In both the 1930 and 1934 tournaments, Brazil were knocked out at the very first stage.[14][15] But 1938 was a sign of things to come, as Brazil ended up in third place, with Leonidas da Silva finishing the tournament as the top scorer of the tournament.
Brazil hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup, which was the first tournament to be held after World War II. It is the only time Brazil has hosted this championship to date (excluding the upcoming 2014 tournament). The 1950 tournament was unique in not having one single final, but rather a final round-robin stage of four teams. However, for all intents and purposes, the deciding match between Brazil and Uruguay acted as that tournament's "final". The match was hosted at the Maracanã stadium in Rio de Janeiro, watched by 199,854 people, and Brazil only needed a draw to win, but lost the match 2–1 after being up 1–0. This match has since been known in South America as the "Maracanazo". In Brazil it is called the "Final Fatídica" ("fateful final").[16]
For the 1954 FIFA World Cup in Switzerland, the Brazilian team was then almost completely renovated, so as to forget the Maracanã defeat, but still had a group of good players, including Nílton Santos, Djalma Santos, and Didi. Brazil didn't go very far though. The quarterfinals saw the favorites Hungary beat Brazil 4–2 in one of the ugliest matches in football history, which would become infamous as the Battle of Berne.[17]
[edit] The Golden Era and Pelé (1958–1970)
Brazil's coach, Vicente Feola, imposed strict rules on the squad for the 1958 FIFA World Cup, held in Sweden. The players were given a list of forty things that they were not allowed to do, including wearing hats or umbrellas, smoking while wearing official uniforms and talking to the press outside of allocated times. They were the only team to bring a psychologist to the training camp (because the memories of 1950 still affected some players) or a dentist (for, because of their humble origins, many players had dental problems, which caused them infections and also had negative impact on performance), and had sent a representative to Europe to watch the qualifying matches a year before the tournament had begun.
Brazil national team at 1959 Copa America
Brazil were drawn in the toughest group, with England, the USSR and Austria. They beat Austria 3–0 in their first match, then drew 0–0 with England. The Brazilians had been worried about their match with the USSR, who had exceptional fitness and were one of the favourites to win the tournament; their strategy was to take risks at the beginning of the match to try and score an early goal. Before the match, the leaders of the team, Bellini, Nílton Santos, and Didi , spoke to coach Vicente Feola and persuaded him to make three substitutions which were crucial for Brazil to defeat the Soviets and win the Cup: Zito, Garrincha, and Pelé would start playing against the USSR. From the kick off, they passed the ball to Garrincha who beat three players before hitting the post with a shot. They kept up the pressure relentlessly, and after three minutes, which were later described as "the greatest three minutes in the history of football",[18] Vavá gave Brazil the lead. They won the match by 2–0. Pelé scored the only goal of their quarter-final match against Wales, and they beat France 5–2 in the semi-final. Brazil beat the host Sweden, in the final by 5–2, winning their first World Cup and becoming the first nation to win a World Cup title outside of its own continent. A celebrated fact was that Feola would sometimes take naps during training sessions and would sometimes close his eyes during matches, giving the impression that he was asleep. Because of this, Didi was sometimes said to be the real coach of the team, as he commanded the midfield.
In the 1962 FIFA World Cup, Brazil earned its second title with Garrincha as the star player, a mantle and responsibility bestowed upon him after the regular talisman, Pelé, was injured during the first group match against Mexico and unable to play for the rest of the tournament.
In the 1966 FIFA World Cup, the preparation of the team was affected by political influences. All the major Brazilian clubs wanted their players included in the Brazilian team, to give them more exposure. In the final months of preparation to the World Cup, the coach Vicente Feola was working with 46 players, of which only 22 would go to England; this caused lots of internal dispute and psychological pressure on the players and managing staff. The result was that, in 1966, Brazil had their worst performance in all World Cups. Another perhaps bigger issue was that Pelé, who possibly had been at the height of his career at this stage, was chopped off at seemingly every opportunity in the group matches.The 1966 tournament was remembered for its excessive physical play, and Pelé was one of the players affected by such play. After becoming the first player ever to score in three World Cups, with a direct free kick against Bulgaria, he had to rest, due to fatigue, for the match against Hungary, which Brazil lost. He then faced Portugal, and several violent tackles by the Portuguese defenders caused him to leave the match and the tournament. Brazil lost that match and were eliminated in the first round of the World Cup for the first time since 1934. After the tournament, Pelé declared that he did not wish to play in the World Cup again.
Brazil won its third World Cup in Mexico in the 1970 FIFA World Cup. Brazil fielded what has since then been considered the best association football squad ever, led by Pelé in his last World Cup final, captain Carlos Alberto Torres, Jairzinho, Tostão, Gérson and Rivelino. After winning the Jules Rimet Trophy for the third time, Brazil were allowed to keep it for good.
Brazil’s results in 1970 were as follows:
Group 3: Brazil 4–1 Czechoslovakia Brazil 1–0 England Brazil 3–2 Romania
Quarter-final: Brazil 4–2 Peru Semi-final: Brazil 3–1 Uruguay Final: Brazil 4–1 Italy
Six games, six wins. Jairzinho was second top scorer with seven goals, Pele finished with four goals. Most importantly, Brazil lifted the Jules Rimet World Cup trophy for the third time, which meant they got to keep it. An incredible achievement that no nation has ever equalled. The dominance of the Brazil teams of 1958 to 1970 are the reason we have a different World Cup trophy today. However, it would be 24 years before Brazil got their hands on the new version.
[edit] The dry spell (1970–1994)
After the international retirement of Pelé and other stars from the 1970 squad, Brazil were not able to overcome Netherlands' Total Football and could not defend its title in the 1974 FIFA World Cup, finishing in fourth place, after failing to achieve victory against a strong Polish side.[19]
The 1978 FIFA World Cup was notoriously controversial[citation needed]. In the second group stage, Brazil were competing with tournament host Argentina for top spot and a place in the finals. In their last group match, Brazil defeated Poland 3–1 to go top of the group with a goal difference of +5. Argentina were only on a goal difference of +2, but in their last group match, they managed, controversially[citation needed], to defeat Peru by 6–0 and thus qualify for the final. Brazil were forced to settle for the third place match, when they defeated Italy by 2–1.
In the 1982 FIFA World Cup, the tournament favorites Brazil easily moved through the early part of the draw, but a 3–2 defeat to Italy, in one of the classic games in finals history, eliminated them from the tournament. Paolo Rossi scored all three of Italy's goals. The seleção was defeated in the match they still refer to as the "Sarrias Disaster", a reference to the stadium's name, and manager Telê would be much blamed by the Brazilian media for using an attacking system while a 2–2 draw was enough. The 1982 squad, with players like Sócrates, Zico, Falcão and Éder, is best remembered as one of the greatest teams never to win a World Cup.
Telê Santana and several players of 1982 returned to play in the 1986 World Cup hosted by Mexico. The players were older but still capable of an enchanting performance. They were troubled, however, by an injury Zico picked up before the World Cup. Incessant questions about whether and when he could play undoubtedly had some negative effect on the team. Brazil met France in the quarter-finals and the match is considered an absolute classic of "total football". Neither side deserved to lose but when Zico finally came on in the second half (with the score 1–1), and Brazil were awarded a penalty late in the game, Brazil seemed set to win. But Zico, the hero of a whole generation of Brazilian football fans, missed the penalty – and after a goalless but thoroughly exciting extra time it all came down to a penalty shoot out. There Zico managed to score from his penalty but Júlio César da Silva and Sócrates missed the goal in their turn, and despite French captain Michel Platini sending his effort over the cross bar, Brazil nevertheless were eliminated 4–3.
In the 1990 FIFA World Cup, Brazil was coached by Sebastião Lazaroni, who was hardly known before the Cup. With a defensive scheme, whose main symbol was mid-fielder Dunga, and three full-backs, the team lacked creativity but made it to the second round. Against a weaker Argentine side, the Brazilians applied heavy pressure and had numerous chances to score, but it was Claudio Caniggia who managed to find Brazil's net and eliminate them after a brilliant assist from Maradona.
[edit] More to come (1994–2002)
[edit] 1994 World Cup
Brazil, to the surprise of many, went 24 years without winning a World Cup or even participating in a final. Their struggles ended at the 1994 tournament in the United States, where a solid, if unspectacular side headed by the likes of Romário, Bebeto, Dunga, Taffarel, and Jorginho won the World Cup for a then-record 4th time. Highlights of their campaign included a 1–0 victory over the host in the round of 16, a sensational 3–2 win over the Dutch in the quarter-finals (often cited as the game of the tournament) and a 1–0 win over the Swedes in the semis. This set up a classic confrontation, Brazil vs. Italy, in the final. After a dour and unexciting 0–0 draw, penalty kicks loomed, and when Roberto Baggio lifted his spot kick over the crossbar, Brazil were champions once again. A new era of dominance had begun.
[edit] 1998 World Cup
Brazil finished runner-up in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. After a very respectable campaign during which they beat Netherlands on penalties in the semi-final following a 1–1 draw with goals from Ronaldo and Patrick Kluivert, the team lost to host France 3–0 in a problematic final game. Brazilian marking at defensive set pieces was poor, and Zinédine Zidane was able to score two headed goals from France's corner kicks. Also, Brazilian star Ronaldo suffered an epileptic seizure a few hours before the match. Many criticized the decision to reinstate Ronaldo into the starting lineup as he put on a poor performance.
[edit] 2002 World Cup
Fuelled by the scintillating play of the "Three R's" (Ronaldo, Rivaldo, Ronaldinho), Brazil won its fifth championship at the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in South Korea and Japan. The groupings appeared at first glance to favor Brazilian team; their adversaries would be Turkey, China and Costa Rica. In the end, a stronger than expected Turkey finished the tournament in third place. Brazil went on to beat all three opponents, scoring 11 goals and conceding only three, and topping the group.
In Brazil's opening game against Turkey, Rivaldo fell to the ground clutching his face after Turkey's Hakan Ünsal had kicked the ball at his legs. Hakan Ünsal, who had already been booked, was sent off while Rivaldo jumped to his feet and continued playing. Rivaldo escaped suspension but was fined £5,180 for play-acting. He became the first player ever ,to be punished in FIFA's crackdown on "simulation" and "diving." They followed with a 4–0 win over China and a 5–2 win over Costa Rica.
Next, Brazil defeated Belgium 2–0, in the round-of-16. Against England in the quarter finals, Brazil won 2–1. Ronaldinho scored the winner with a remarkable lofted free kick and also assisted teammate Rivaldo for their first goal, but was sent off for stamping on the right ankle of England's Danny Mills. The semifinal was against Turkey, which Brazil had faced in their group. Again, this match was difficult, as Brazil won 1–0 with a goal by Ronaldo. Rivaldo had scored one goal in all five games up to this one but did not manage to hit the target in the sixth. He had seemed all set to repeat Jairzinho´s great achievement in 1970 when he scored in every game of the World Cup.
The final was between two of the most successful teams in the competition's history: Germany and Brazil. Incredibly, the teams had never played each other in the World Cup before, besides a match between Brazil and East Germany in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. German goalkeeper Oliver Kahn had been the tournament's best keeper, but was not able to maintain his post unscathed in this match, as Ronaldo vanquished his France '98 demons by scoring both goals in the Brazilian 2–0 triumph.[20] Ronaldo also won the Golden Shoe as the tournament's leading scorer, though Kahn won the Golden Ball as the most outstanding player.
[edit] Parreira returns (2002–2006)
On June 29, 2005, Brazil won the Confederations Cup for the second time with an emphatic 4–1 victory over arch-rivals Argentina in Frankfurt, Germany.[21] They also won another championship, the 2004 Copa América in which Brazil defeated Argentina in a penalty shootout.[22] Argentina had defeated Peru in the quarterfinals, and Colombia in the semifinals.
[edit] 2006 World Cup
Main article: Brazil at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
Brazilian's coach Carlos Alberto Parreira presented a formation nicknamed "The Magic Square" by the Brazilian sport journalists, based in 4 offensive players: Ronaldo, Adriano, Kaká, and Ronaldinho.
During the preparation stages, the team presented some problems. The team's greatest star Ronaldo had got a bad build-up, after returning from a two-month injury recovery. He also had blisters on his feet and a fever during the training matches.[23]
Despite winning the first 2 games against Croatia (1–0) and Australia (2–0), the "Magic Square" didn't seem to work as expected and struggled to beat the opponents' defense. In the third game, manager Parreira tried a new squad with five former reserve players, including Robinho, and Cicinho. The changes were successful, as the team put on a comfortable 4–1 win against Japan.
The Brazilian squad preparing for the World Cup in Weggis, Switzerland.
During the second round, they defeated Ghana 3–0, with the Magic Square again this time. However, Brazil was eliminated in the quarterfinals against France by a score of 1–0. France was led by a rejuvenated Zinédine Zidane and by a strong defence which kept the Brazilian strikers under check for the duration of the game. Perhaps partially due to their uncommon formation, Brazil was shut out, attempting just one shot at French goalkeeper Fabien Barthez. The game was also notable for being the first time that the Brazil team had been shut out in 3 consecutive matches against France, now has a 2–1–1 all-time record in 1986, 1998 and 2006 in World Cup matches.
After elimination to France, the Brazil team was largely criticized by the press and the fans. The media circulated images of the left wingback Roberto Carlos tying his shoes while Henry ran unmarked to score the winning goal. The sporting legend Pelé blamed coach Parreira and Ronaldinho for the team's early elimination.[24]
[edit] Dunga period (2006–2010)
1994 World Cup-winning captain Dunga was hired as Brazil's new team manager on July 24, 2006, almost right after the World Cup was over.[25] Dunga's former teammate, Jorginho, was hired as his assistant. His first match in charge was against Norway which was played in Oslo on August 16, 2006, ended in a 1–1 draw.[26] His second match was held against Argentina on September 3 in Arsenal's brand new Emirates Stadium in London, in which Brazil defeated Argentina by a 3–0 score.[27] On September 5, they won over Wales by 2–0 at Tottenham Hotspur's White Hart Lane ground. They later defeated Kuwait club Al-Kuwait by 4–0, Ecuador by 2–1, and had a 2–1 away win against Switzerland.
Dunga's first defeat as Brazil's manager was on February 6, 2007 in a friendly match against Portugal, which at that time was coached by former Brazil coach Luiz Felipe Scolari.[28] Respectively on March 24 and March 27, 2007, Brazil bounced back from their first defeat under Dunga with wins in friendly matches against Chile (4–0) and Ghana (1–0) in Sweden.[29]
Unlike Parreira, Dunga has focused on the task of deemphasizing all players and treating them as equals. He did not just look for players in popular clubs such as Milan, Barcelona, Real Madrid, etc., but looked at the whole scope of Europe, finding individual talents such as Vágner Love and Dudu Cearense who were playing for Russian club CSKA Moscow and Elano who was playing for Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk. Of the four players who were dubbed as the 'Magic Quartet', Ronaldinho and Kaká were the only players who had a regular place in the Brazil squad. Adriano was called back in the squad for a friendly against Portugal in February 2007, which Brazil lost 0–2. Dunga did not select the last member of the Magic Quartet, Ronaldo. Instead, Luís Fabiano has made the majority of appearances at striker.
barcelona
Barcelona (Catalan: [bəɾsəˈɫonə], Spanish: [baɾθeˈlona]) is the capital and the most populous city of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, after Madrid, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of 101.4 km2 (39 sq mi). The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 4,200,000[1][2] on an area of 803 km2 (310 sq mi),[1] being the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, Ruhr area, Madrid and Milan. About five million[3][4][5] people live in the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is also Europe's largest metropolis on the Mediterranean coast. It is the main component of a union of adjacent cities and municipalities named the Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona (AMB) with a population of 3,186,461 in an area of 636 km² (density 5.010 hab/km²). It is located on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge (512 m/1,680 ft).
Barcelona is recognised as a Global City due to its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education and tourism.[6][7] Indeed, it is a major economic centre and a growing financial centre (Diagonal Mar area); one of Europe's principal Mediterranean ports can be found here as well as Barcelona international airport, which handles about 30 million passengers per year. It also boasts an extensive motorway network and is a hub of high-speed rail, particularly that which will link France with Spain and later Portugal. Barcelona was the 12th-most-visited city in the world and 4th most visited in Europe after Paris, London, and Rome. It is in addition the most popular tourist destination in Spain (receiving over 5 million tourists every year).[8] Barcelona is the 16th most "livable city" in the world according to lifestyle magazine Monocle.[9] Similarly, according to Innovation Analysts 2thinknow, Barcelona occupies 13th place in the world on Innovation Cities™ Global 256 Index.[10] It is the 4th richest city by GDP in the European Union and 35th in the world with an output amounting to €177 billion, a figure nonetheless smaller than alternative estimates.[11] Consequently, its GDP per capita output stands at €35,975 – some 44% higher than the European Union average. Similarly, the city of Barcelona stands in 29th place in a list of net personal earnings headed by Zurich.[12] The city is Europe's 3rd and one of the world's most successful as a city brand, both in terms of reputation and assets.[13]
Founded as a Roman city, Barcelona became the capital of the Counts of Barcelona. After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon, it became one of the most important cities of the Crown of Aragon. Besieged several times during its history, Barcelona is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination and has a rich cultural heritage. Particularly renowned are architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner that have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The city is well known in recent times for the 1992 Summer Olympics. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona.
As the capital of Catalonia, Barcelona houses the seat of the Catalan government, known as the Generalitat de Catalunya; of particular note are the executive branch, the parliament, and the Supreme Court of Catalonia. The city is also the capital of the Province of Barcelona and the Barcelonès comarca (shire).
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Names
* 2 History
* 3 Geography
o 3.1 Climate
* 4 Main sights
o 4.1 Historic buildings and monuments
o 4.2 Museums
o 4.3 Parks
o 4.4 Beaches
o 4.5 Other
* 5 Demographics
o 5.1 Population density
* 6 Economy
* 7 Government and administrative divisions
o 7.1 Districts
+ 7.1.1 Neighbourhoods
* 8 Education
* 9 Culture
o 9.1 Entertainment and performing arts
o 9.2 Media
o 9.3 Sports
* 10 Transport
o 10.1 Airports
o 10.2 Seaport
o 10.3 Public transport
o 10.4 Railway
o 10.5 Roads and highways
* 11 International relations
o 11.1 Twin towns and sister cities
* 12 Other sights
* 13 See also
* 14 References
o 14.1 Bibliography
o 14.2 Notes
* 15 External links
[edit] Names
The name Barcelona comes from the ancient Iberian Phoenician Barkeno, attested in an ancient coin inscription in Iberian script as Barkeno in Levantine Iberian script,[14] in Ancient Greek sources as Βαρκινών, Barkinṓn;[15] and in Latin as Barcino[citation needed], Barcilonum[16] and Barceno.[17][citation needed]
During the Middle Ages, the city was variously known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelona, and Barchenona.
Some sources say that the city could have been named after the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca, who was supposed to have founded the city in the 3rd century BC.[18]
[edit] History
Main article: History of Barcelona
The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends. The first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules 400 years before the building of Rome. The second legend attributes the foundation of the city directly to the historical Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, who named the city Barcino after his family, in the 3rd century BC.[19]
About 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum (Roman military camp) centred on the "Mons Taber", a little hill near the contemporary city hall (Plaça de Sant Jaume). Under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia,[20] or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino[21] or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. Mela[22] mentions it among the small towns of the district, probably as it was eclipsed by its neighbour Tarraco (modern Tarragona); but it may be gathered from later writers that it gradually grew in wealth and consequence, favoured as it was with a beautiful situation and an excellent harbour.[23] It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens.[24] The city minted its own coins; some from the era of Galba survive.
Some important Roman ruins are exposed under the Plaça del Rei, entrance by the city museum (Museu d'Història de la Ciutat), and the typically Roman grid-planning is still visible today in the layout of the historical centre, the Barri Gòtic ("Gothic Quarter"). Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have been incorporated into the cathedral.[25] The cathedral, also known as basilica La Seu, is said to have been founded in 343. The city was conquered by the Visigoths in the early 5th century becoming for a few years the capital of the whole Hispania. Afterwards by the Arabs in the early 8th century, reconquered in 801 by Charlemagne's son Louis who made Barcelona the seat of Carolingian "Spanish Marches" (Marca Hispanica), a buffer zone ruled by the Count of Barcelona.
The Counts of Barcelona became increasingly independent and expanded their territory to include all of Catalonia. In 1137, Aragon and the County of Barcelona merged by dynastic union[26][27] by the marriage of Ramon Berenguer IV and Petronilla of Aragon and their titles were finally borne by only one person when their son Alfonso II of Aragon ascended to the throne in 1162. His territories were later to be known as the Crown of Aragon which conquered many overseas possessions, ruling the western Mediterranean Sea with outlying territories in Naples and Sicily and as far as Athens in the 13th century. The forging of a dynastic link between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile marked the beginning of Barcelona's decline.
The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 united the two royal lines. The centre of political power became Madrid and the colonisation of the Americas reduced the financial importance (at least in relative terms) of Mediterranean trade. Barcelona was always the stronghold of Catalan separatism and was the center of the Catalan Revolt (1640–52) against Philip IV of Spain. The great plague of 1650–1654 had halved the city's population.[28] The Napoleonic wars left the province ravaged, but the postwar period saw the start of industrialization.
The resistance of Barcelona to Franco's coup d'état was to have lasting effects after the defeat of the Republican government. The autonomous institutions of Catalonia were abolished[29] and the use of the Catalan language in public life was suppressed. Barcelona remained the second largest city in Spain, at the heart of a region which was relatively industrialised and prosperous, despite the devastation of the civil war. The result was a large-scale immigration from poorer regions of Spain (particularly Andalucia, Murcia and Galicia), which in turn led to rapid urbanisation. Barcelona hosted the Olympic Games in 1992, which helped revitalize the city.[30]
A panoramic view of Barcelona (click to enlarge)
[edit] Geography
Barcelona from space
Barcelona is located on the northeast coast of the Iberian Peninsula, facing the Mediterranean Sea, on a plateau approximately 5 km (3 mi) wide limited by the mountain range of Collserola, the Llobregat river to the southwest and the Besòs river to the north.[31] This plateau has 170 km2 (66 sq mi),[31] of which 101 km² (38.9 sq mi)[32] are occupied by the city itself. It is 160 km (100 mi) south of the Pyrenees and the Catalonian border with France.
Tibidabo, 512 m (1,680 ft) high, offers striking views over the city[33] and is topped by the 288.4 m (946.2 ft) Torre de Collserola, a telecommunications tower that is visible from most of the city. Barcelona is peppered with small hills, most of them urbanized and that gave their name to the neighbourhoods built upon them, such as Carmel (267 m), Putxet (181 m) and Rovira (261 m). The escarpment of Montjuïc (173 m), situated to the southeast, overlooks the harbour and is topped by Montjuïc castle, a fortress built in the 17–18th centuries to control the city as a replacement for the Ciutadella. Today, the fortress is a museum and Montjuïc is home to several sporting and cultural venues, as well as Barcelona's biggest park and gardens.
The city borders are the municipalities of Santa Coloma de Gramenet and Sant Adrià de Besòs to the north; the Mediterranean Sea to the east; El Prat de Llobregat and L'Hospitalet de Llobregat to the south; and Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Sant Just Desvern, Esplugues de Llobregat, Sant Cugat del Vallès, and Montcada i Reixac to the west.
[edit] Climate
Barcelona has a Mediterranean climate[34] (Köppen climate classification: Csa),[35] with mild, humid winters and warm, dry summers. Barcelona is located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, so Atlantic west winds often arrive in Barcelona with low humidity, producing no rain. The proximity of the Atlantic, its latitude, and the relief, are the reasons why the summers are not as dry as in most other Mediterranean Basin locations. Lows (not surface lows but high-atmospheric "cold invasions") can easily affect the area of Barcelona (and Catalonia), causing storms, particularly in August. Some years, the beginning of June is still cool and rainy, like April and May. Together with August, September, October and November these months are the wettest of the year. The driest are February, March, June and July. As in many parts of Catalonia, the annual weather pattern varies greatly from year to year.[citation needed]
Its average annual temperature is 15.6 °C (60.1 °F): 20 °C (68 °F) during the day and 11 °C (52 °F) at night. Average annual temperature of sea is 17.8 °C (64.0 °F). In the coldest month – January, the typically temperature ranges from 7 to 15 °C (45 to 59 °F) during the day, -2 to 9 °C (28 to 48 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 13 °C (55 °F).[36] In the warmest month – August, the typically temperature ranges from 25 to 31 °C (77 to 88 °F) during the day, about 20 °C (68 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 25 °C (77 °F).[36] Generally – summer's season, lasts about six months, from May to October, with average temperature of these six months amounting 24.6 °C (76.3 °F) during the day and 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) at night. Two months – April and November – are transitional, sometimes there are temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F), with average temperature of these two months amounting 17.3 °C (63 °F) during the day and 8.3 °C (46.9 °F) at night. December, January, February, and March are the coldest months, with average temperatures over 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) during the day and 5.5 °C (41.9 °F) at night. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare, particularly in summer months. Sunshine hours is 2,524 per year, from 138 (average 4.5 hours of sunshine / day) in December to 310 (average 10 hours of sunshine / day) in July. Average relative humidity is 72%, from 69% in July to 75% in October.[37]
The highest temperature recorded in the city centre was 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) on 27 August 2010.[38] The coldest temperature recorded was −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) on 11 February 1956 and −5 °C (23 °F) on 12 January 1985. However, in the 19th century −9.6 °C (14.7 °F) was recorded in January 1896. At the Fabra Observatory, situated on the Tibidabo hill, 412 m (1,351.71 ft) above the sea level, the record summer temperature is 39.8 °C (104 °F) [39] on 7 July 1982, and the lowest temperature ever registered, −10 °C (14 °F) on 11 February 1956.
[hide]Climate data for Barcelona
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1) 14.6
(58.3) 15.9
(60.6) 17.6
(63.7) 20.5
(68.9) 24.2
(75.6) 27.5
(81.5) 28.0
(82.4) 25.5
(77.9) 21.5
(70.7) 17.0
(62.6) 14.3
(57.7) 20.0
(68)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.9
(48) 10.0
(50) 11.3
(52.3) 13.1
(55.6) 16.3
(61.3) 20.0
(68) 23.1
(73.6) 23.7
(74.7) 21.1
(70) 17.1
(62.8) 12.6
(54.7) 10.0
(50) 15.6
(60.1)
Average low °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9) 5.3
(41.5) 6.7
(44.1) 8.5
(47.3) 12.0
(53.6) 15.7
(60.3) 18.6
(65.5) 19.3
(66.7) 16.7
(62.1) 12.6
(54.7) 8.1
(46.6) 5.7
(42.3) 11.1
(52)
Precipitation mm (inches) 41
(1.61) 39
(1.54) 42
(1.65) 49
(1.93) 59
(2.32) 42
(1.65) 20
(0.79) 61
(2.4) 85
(3.35) 91
(3.58) 58
(2.28) 51
(2.01) 640
(25.2)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 5 4 5 5 5 4 2 4 5 6 5 5 55
Sunshine hours 149 163 200 220 244 262 310 282 219 180 146 138 2,524
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[40] Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[37]
Barcelona in the morning of 9 March 2010, after the strongest snowstorm of the past 20 years
Snowfalls are not common, seldom causing any disruption to traffic, but frost is common on the outskirts of the city.[41][42] Nonetheless, the city has experienced its share of heavy snowfalls, as for example at Christmas 1962,[43] when a true blizzard affected the city, with 50 cm (19.69 in) of snow falling within the city and at least 1 metre on the hills. But, according to old news sources, the greatest snowfall took place in 1887, with over 50 cm (19.69 in). The third heaviest snowfall was in December 1933, with 30 cm (11.81 in) on Montjuïc hill. The most recent ones took place on 8 March 2010, 6 January 2009, 27 January 2006, 28 February 2005, 29 February 2004, 18 February 2003, 14 December 2001 and the 21st November 1999 (the earliest snowfall for at least three centuries).
Thunderstorms, which occasionally reach severe limits, are common from mid August until November. The most recent major summer storm was on the 31 July 2002,[44] when over 200 mm (7.87 in) of rain were recorded at some observatories.
Though Barcelona is normally not a windy city, it is affected by sea breezes from May/June to September and winds from the west and northwest in winter. Eastern gales sometimes cause floods on the coastline. East and northeast winds can exceed 100 km/h (62.14 mph). In winter Barcelona is sometimes affected by the tramontana or mistral winds, like other places in the Northwestern Mediterranean Basin.
Barcelona is generally a sunny city, however, some days of fog and spells of cloudy days are not rare. Sea fog is frequent in early spring, when the first warm African air masses come in over the cold sea water. Cloudy days are most frequent from April to October/November.
[edit] Main sights
La Sagrada Família church, Gaudi's masterpiece
Hospital de Sant Pau
The Barri Gòtic ("Gothic Quarter" in Catalan) is the centre of the old city of Barcelona. Many of the buildings date from medieval times, some from as far back as the Roman settlement of Barcelona. Catalan modernisme architecture (often known as Art Nouveau in the rest of Europe), developed between 1885 and 1950 and left an important legacy in Barcelona. A great number of these buildings are World Heritage Sites. Especially remarkable is the work of architect Antoni Gaudí, which can be seen throughout the city. His best known work is the immense but still unfinished church of the Sagrada Família, which has been under construction since 1882, and is still financed by private donations. As of 2007, completion is planned for 2026.
Barcelona was also home to Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion. Designed in 1929 for the International Exposition for Germany, it is an iconic building that came to symbolize modern architecture as the embodiment of van der Rohe's aphorisms "less is more" and "God is in the details." The Barcelona pavilion was intended as a temporary structure, and was torn down in 1930 less than a year after it was constructed. A modern re-creation by Spanish architects now stands in Barcelona, however, constructed in 1986.
Barcelona won the 1999 RIBA Royal Gold Medal for its architecture,[45] the first (and as of 2009, only) time that the winner has been a city, and not an individual architect.
Barcelona is recognised as a Global City due to its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education and tourism.[6][7] Indeed, it is a major economic centre and a growing financial centre (Diagonal Mar area); one of Europe's principal Mediterranean ports can be found here as well as Barcelona international airport, which handles about 30 million passengers per year. It also boasts an extensive motorway network and is a hub of high-speed rail, particularly that which will link France with Spain and later Portugal. Barcelona was the 12th-most-visited city in the world and 4th most visited in Europe after Paris, London, and Rome. It is in addition the most popular tourist destination in Spain (receiving over 5 million tourists every year).[8] Barcelona is the 16th most "livable city" in the world according to lifestyle magazine Monocle.[9] Similarly, according to Innovation Analysts 2thinknow, Barcelona occupies 13th place in the world on Innovation Cities™ Global 256 Index.[10] It is the 4th richest city by GDP in the European Union and 35th in the world with an output amounting to €177 billion, a figure nonetheless smaller than alternative estimates.[11] Consequently, its GDP per capita output stands at €35,975 – some 44% higher than the European Union average. Similarly, the city of Barcelona stands in 29th place in a list of net personal earnings headed by Zurich.[12] The city is Europe's 3rd and one of the world's most successful as a city brand, both in terms of reputation and assets.[13]
Founded as a Roman city, Barcelona became the capital of the Counts of Barcelona. After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon, it became one of the most important cities of the Crown of Aragon. Besieged several times during its history, Barcelona is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination and has a rich cultural heritage. Particularly renowned are architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner that have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The city is well known in recent times for the 1992 Summer Olympics. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona.
As the capital of Catalonia, Barcelona houses the seat of the Catalan government, known as the Generalitat de Catalunya; of particular note are the executive branch, the parliament, and the Supreme Court of Catalonia. The city is also the capital of the Province of Barcelona and the Barcelonès comarca (shire).
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Names
* 2 History
* 3 Geography
o 3.1 Climate
* 4 Main sights
o 4.1 Historic buildings and monuments
o 4.2 Museums
o 4.3 Parks
o 4.4 Beaches
o 4.5 Other
* 5 Demographics
o 5.1 Population density
* 6 Economy
* 7 Government and administrative divisions
o 7.1 Districts
+ 7.1.1 Neighbourhoods
* 8 Education
* 9 Culture
o 9.1 Entertainment and performing arts
o 9.2 Media
o 9.3 Sports
* 10 Transport
o 10.1 Airports
o 10.2 Seaport
o 10.3 Public transport
o 10.4 Railway
o 10.5 Roads and highways
* 11 International relations
o 11.1 Twin towns and sister cities
* 12 Other sights
* 13 See also
* 14 References
o 14.1 Bibliography
o 14.2 Notes
* 15 External links
[edit] Names
The name Barcelona comes from the ancient Iberian Phoenician Barkeno, attested in an ancient coin inscription in Iberian script as Barkeno in Levantine Iberian script,[14] in Ancient Greek sources as Βαρκινών, Barkinṓn;[15] and in Latin as Barcino[citation needed], Barcilonum[16] and Barceno.[17][citation needed]
During the Middle Ages, the city was variously known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelona, and Barchenona.
Some sources say that the city could have been named after the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca, who was supposed to have founded the city in the 3rd century BC.[18]
[edit] History
Main article: History of Barcelona
The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends. The first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules 400 years before the building of Rome. The second legend attributes the foundation of the city directly to the historical Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, who named the city Barcino after his family, in the 3rd century BC.[19]
About 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum (Roman military camp) centred on the "Mons Taber", a little hill near the contemporary city hall (Plaça de Sant Jaume). Under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia,[20] or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino[21] or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. Mela[22] mentions it among the small towns of the district, probably as it was eclipsed by its neighbour Tarraco (modern Tarragona); but it may be gathered from later writers that it gradually grew in wealth and consequence, favoured as it was with a beautiful situation and an excellent harbour.[23] It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens.[24] The city minted its own coins; some from the era of Galba survive.
Some important Roman ruins are exposed under the Plaça del Rei, entrance by the city museum (Museu d'Història de la Ciutat), and the typically Roman grid-planning is still visible today in the layout of the historical centre, the Barri Gòtic ("Gothic Quarter"). Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have been incorporated into the cathedral.[25] The cathedral, also known as basilica La Seu, is said to have been founded in 343. The city was conquered by the Visigoths in the early 5th century becoming for a few years the capital of the whole Hispania. Afterwards by the Arabs in the early 8th century, reconquered in 801 by Charlemagne's son Louis who made Barcelona the seat of Carolingian "Spanish Marches" (Marca Hispanica), a buffer zone ruled by the Count of Barcelona.
The Counts of Barcelona became increasingly independent and expanded their territory to include all of Catalonia. In 1137, Aragon and the County of Barcelona merged by dynastic union[26][27] by the marriage of Ramon Berenguer IV and Petronilla of Aragon and their titles were finally borne by only one person when their son Alfonso II of Aragon ascended to the throne in 1162. His territories were later to be known as the Crown of Aragon which conquered many overseas possessions, ruling the western Mediterranean Sea with outlying territories in Naples and Sicily and as far as Athens in the 13th century. The forging of a dynastic link between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile marked the beginning of Barcelona's decline.
The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 united the two royal lines. The centre of political power became Madrid and the colonisation of the Americas reduced the financial importance (at least in relative terms) of Mediterranean trade. Barcelona was always the stronghold of Catalan separatism and was the center of the Catalan Revolt (1640–52) against Philip IV of Spain. The great plague of 1650–1654 had halved the city's population.[28] The Napoleonic wars left the province ravaged, but the postwar period saw the start of industrialization.
The resistance of Barcelona to Franco's coup d'état was to have lasting effects after the defeat of the Republican government. The autonomous institutions of Catalonia were abolished[29] and the use of the Catalan language in public life was suppressed. Barcelona remained the second largest city in Spain, at the heart of a region which was relatively industrialised and prosperous, despite the devastation of the civil war. The result was a large-scale immigration from poorer regions of Spain (particularly Andalucia, Murcia and Galicia), which in turn led to rapid urbanisation. Barcelona hosted the Olympic Games in 1992, which helped revitalize the city.[30]
A panoramic view of Barcelona (click to enlarge)
[edit] Geography
Barcelona from space
Barcelona is located on the northeast coast of the Iberian Peninsula, facing the Mediterranean Sea, on a plateau approximately 5 km (3 mi) wide limited by the mountain range of Collserola, the Llobregat river to the southwest and the Besòs river to the north.[31] This plateau has 170 km2 (66 sq mi),[31] of which 101 km² (38.9 sq mi)[32] are occupied by the city itself. It is 160 km (100 mi) south of the Pyrenees and the Catalonian border with France.
Tibidabo, 512 m (1,680 ft) high, offers striking views over the city[33] and is topped by the 288.4 m (946.2 ft) Torre de Collserola, a telecommunications tower that is visible from most of the city. Barcelona is peppered with small hills, most of them urbanized and that gave their name to the neighbourhoods built upon them, such as Carmel (267 m), Putxet (181 m) and Rovira (261 m). The escarpment of Montjuïc (173 m), situated to the southeast, overlooks the harbour and is topped by Montjuïc castle, a fortress built in the 17–18th centuries to control the city as a replacement for the Ciutadella. Today, the fortress is a museum and Montjuïc is home to several sporting and cultural venues, as well as Barcelona's biggest park and gardens.
The city borders are the municipalities of Santa Coloma de Gramenet and Sant Adrià de Besòs to the north; the Mediterranean Sea to the east; El Prat de Llobregat and L'Hospitalet de Llobregat to the south; and Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Sant Just Desvern, Esplugues de Llobregat, Sant Cugat del Vallès, and Montcada i Reixac to the west.
[edit] Climate
Barcelona has a Mediterranean climate[34] (Köppen climate classification: Csa),[35] with mild, humid winters and warm, dry summers. Barcelona is located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, so Atlantic west winds often arrive in Barcelona with low humidity, producing no rain. The proximity of the Atlantic, its latitude, and the relief, are the reasons why the summers are not as dry as in most other Mediterranean Basin locations. Lows (not surface lows but high-atmospheric "cold invasions") can easily affect the area of Barcelona (and Catalonia), causing storms, particularly in August. Some years, the beginning of June is still cool and rainy, like April and May. Together with August, September, October and November these months are the wettest of the year. The driest are February, March, June and July. As in many parts of Catalonia, the annual weather pattern varies greatly from year to year.[citation needed]
Its average annual temperature is 15.6 °C (60.1 °F): 20 °C (68 °F) during the day and 11 °C (52 °F) at night. Average annual temperature of sea is 17.8 °C (64.0 °F). In the coldest month – January, the typically temperature ranges from 7 to 15 °C (45 to 59 °F) during the day, -2 to 9 °C (28 to 48 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 13 °C (55 °F).[36] In the warmest month – August, the typically temperature ranges from 25 to 31 °C (77 to 88 °F) during the day, about 20 °C (68 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 25 °C (77 °F).[36] Generally – summer's season, lasts about six months, from May to October, with average temperature of these six months amounting 24.6 °C (76.3 °F) during the day and 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) at night. Two months – April and November – are transitional, sometimes there are temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F), with average temperature of these two months amounting 17.3 °C (63 °F) during the day and 8.3 °C (46.9 °F) at night. December, January, February, and March are the coldest months, with average temperatures over 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) during the day and 5.5 °C (41.9 °F) at night. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare, particularly in summer months. Sunshine hours is 2,524 per year, from 138 (average 4.5 hours of sunshine / day) in December to 310 (average 10 hours of sunshine / day) in July. Average relative humidity is 72%, from 69% in July to 75% in October.[37]
The highest temperature recorded in the city centre was 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) on 27 August 2010.[38] The coldest temperature recorded was −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) on 11 February 1956 and −5 °C (23 °F) on 12 January 1985. However, in the 19th century −9.6 °C (14.7 °F) was recorded in January 1896. At the Fabra Observatory, situated on the Tibidabo hill, 412 m (1,351.71 ft) above the sea level, the record summer temperature is 39.8 °C (104 °F) [39] on 7 July 1982, and the lowest temperature ever registered, −10 °C (14 °F) on 11 February 1956.
[hide]Climate data for Barcelona
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1) 14.6
(58.3) 15.9
(60.6) 17.6
(63.7) 20.5
(68.9) 24.2
(75.6) 27.5
(81.5) 28.0
(82.4) 25.5
(77.9) 21.5
(70.7) 17.0
(62.6) 14.3
(57.7) 20.0
(68)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.9
(48) 10.0
(50) 11.3
(52.3) 13.1
(55.6) 16.3
(61.3) 20.0
(68) 23.1
(73.6) 23.7
(74.7) 21.1
(70) 17.1
(62.8) 12.6
(54.7) 10.0
(50) 15.6
(60.1)
Average low °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9) 5.3
(41.5) 6.7
(44.1) 8.5
(47.3) 12.0
(53.6) 15.7
(60.3) 18.6
(65.5) 19.3
(66.7) 16.7
(62.1) 12.6
(54.7) 8.1
(46.6) 5.7
(42.3) 11.1
(52)
Precipitation mm (inches) 41
(1.61) 39
(1.54) 42
(1.65) 49
(1.93) 59
(2.32) 42
(1.65) 20
(0.79) 61
(2.4) 85
(3.35) 91
(3.58) 58
(2.28) 51
(2.01) 640
(25.2)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 5 4 5 5 5 4 2 4 5 6 5 5 55
Sunshine hours 149 163 200 220 244 262 310 282 219 180 146 138 2,524
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[40] Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[37]
Barcelona in the morning of 9 March 2010, after the strongest snowstorm of the past 20 years
Snowfalls are not common, seldom causing any disruption to traffic, but frost is common on the outskirts of the city.[41][42] Nonetheless, the city has experienced its share of heavy snowfalls, as for example at Christmas 1962,[43] when a true blizzard affected the city, with 50 cm (19.69 in) of snow falling within the city and at least 1 metre on the hills. But, according to old news sources, the greatest snowfall took place in 1887, with over 50 cm (19.69 in). The third heaviest snowfall was in December 1933, with 30 cm (11.81 in) on Montjuïc hill. The most recent ones took place on 8 March 2010, 6 January 2009, 27 January 2006, 28 February 2005, 29 February 2004, 18 February 2003, 14 December 2001 and the 21st November 1999 (the earliest snowfall for at least three centuries).
Thunderstorms, which occasionally reach severe limits, are common from mid August until November. The most recent major summer storm was on the 31 July 2002,[44] when over 200 mm (7.87 in) of rain were recorded at some observatories.
Though Barcelona is normally not a windy city, it is affected by sea breezes from May/June to September and winds from the west and northwest in winter. Eastern gales sometimes cause floods on the coastline. East and northeast winds can exceed 100 km/h (62.14 mph). In winter Barcelona is sometimes affected by the tramontana or mistral winds, like other places in the Northwestern Mediterranean Basin.
Barcelona is generally a sunny city, however, some days of fog and spells of cloudy days are not rare. Sea fog is frequent in early spring, when the first warm African air masses come in over the cold sea water. Cloudy days are most frequent from April to October/November.
[edit] Main sights
La Sagrada Família church, Gaudi's masterpiece
Hospital de Sant Pau
The Barri Gòtic ("Gothic Quarter" in Catalan) is the centre of the old city of Barcelona. Many of the buildings date from medieval times, some from as far back as the Roman settlement of Barcelona. Catalan modernisme architecture (often known as Art Nouveau in the rest of Europe), developed between 1885 and 1950 and left an important legacy in Barcelona. A great number of these buildings are World Heritage Sites. Especially remarkable is the work of architect Antoni Gaudí, which can be seen throughout the city. His best known work is the immense but still unfinished church of the Sagrada Família, which has been under construction since 1882, and is still financed by private donations. As of 2007, completion is planned for 2026.
Barcelona was also home to Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion. Designed in 1929 for the International Exposition for Germany, it is an iconic building that came to symbolize modern architecture as the embodiment of van der Rohe's aphorisms "less is more" and "God is in the details." The Barcelona pavilion was intended as a temporary structure, and was torn down in 1930 less than a year after it was constructed. A modern re-creation by Spanish architects now stands in Barcelona, however, constructed in 1986.
Barcelona won the 1999 RIBA Royal Gold Medal for its architecture,[45] the first (and as of 2009, only) time that the winner has been a city, and not an individual architect.
Monday, February 7, 2011
filmfair awards
The Filmfare Awards are presented annually by The Times Group to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Hindi language film industry of India. The Filmfare ceremony is one of the oldest and most prominent film events given for Hindi films in India.[1][2][3][4] The awards were first introduced in 1954, the same year as the National Film Awards. They were initially referred to as the Clare Awards after the editor of The Times of India, Clare A Mandy. A dual voting system was developed in 1956.[5] Under this system, "in contrast to the National Film Awards, which are decided by a panel appointed by Indian Government, the Filmfare Awards are voted for by both the public and a committee of experts."[6] The Filmfare Awards have been often referred to as Hindi film industry's equivalent of the Oscars.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
* 2 Awards
o 2.1 Merit awards
o 2.2 Critics' awards
o 2.3 Technical awards
o 2.4 Special awards
* 3 Records and facts
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
[edit] History
The Filmfare awards were first introduced in 1954. The Clares was the original name of the award ceremony, named after The Times of India critic Clare A Mandy. Readers of Filmfare were polled to decide the winners, and over 20,000 readers spread throughout India participated in the polls; trophies were given to winners of the popular vote. In the first awards function, held on 21 March 1954 at the Metro Theatre of Mumbai, only five awards were presented: Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Music Director. Do Bigha Zameen was the first movie to win the award for Best Film. The first winners for other four categories were: Bimal Roy for his direction of Do Bigha Zameen, Dilip Kumar for his performance in Daag, Meena Kumari for her performance in Baiju Bawra, and Naushad for his music in Baiju Bawra.
To celebrate the 25th year of the awards the statues were made in silver and to celebrate the 50th year the statues were made in gold.[7]
Filmfare Award function 1977
[edit] Awards
As of 2010, there are 37 awards. There is a separate category of film-critics awards, decided by noted film-critics rather than popular votes. This dual format has also generated some controversy amongst viewers and recipients. Awards are given in the following categories. Follow the links for lists of the award winners, year by year.
[edit] Merit awards
* Best Movie
* Best Director
* Best Actor
* Best Actress
* Best Supporting Actor
* Best Supporting Actress
* Best Performance in a Negative Role (category removed after 2007)
* Best Performance in a Comic Role (category removed after 2007)
* Best Male Debut
* Best Female Debut
* Best Music Director
* Best Lyricist
* Best Male Playback Singer
* Best Female Playback Singer
[edit] Critics' awards
* Critics Award Best Movie
* Critics Award Best Performance (Actor and Actress)
* Best Documentary (category removed after 1997)
[edit] Technical awards
* Best Story
* Best Screenplay
* Best Dialogue
* Best Action
* Best Art Direction
* Best Background Score
* Best Cinematography
* Best Editing
* Best Choreography
* Best Sound Recording
* Best Special Effects
* Best Costume Design
[edit] Special awards
* Lifetime Achievement
* Power Award (category removed after 2008)
* Special Performance Award
* Best Scene of the Year
* RD Burman Award for New Music Talent
* Best Film of 50 Years (2005)
[edit] Records and facts
* Most awards to a single film
o Black (2005) - 11
o Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) - 10
o Devdas (2002) - 10
o Madhumati (1958) - 9
* Most acting awards - male (Best Actor + Best Supporting Actor)
o Dilip Kumar (8+0) = 8
o Shahrukh Khan (8+0) = 8
o Amitabh Bachchan (5+3) = 8
* Most acting awards - female (Best Actress + Best Supporting Actress)
o Nutan (5+1) = 6
o Jaya Bachchan (3+3) = 6
o Kajol (5+0) = 5
o Madhuri Dixit (4+1) = 5
* Most playback singer - male
o Kishore Kumar = 8
* Most playback singer - female
o Asha Bhosle = 7
o Alka Yagnik = 7
[edit] See also
* Bollywood
* Cinema of India
* Filmfare Awards South
[edit] References
1. ^ a b Mishra, Vijay, Bollywood Cinema: A Critical Genealogy, Victoria University of Wellington, p. 9, http://www.victoria.ac.nz/asianstudies/publications/working/20Bollywood.pdf, retrieved 2009-02-24
2. ^ a b Mehta, Monika (2005), "Globalizing Bombay Cinema: Reproducing the Indian State and Family", Cultural Dynamics 17: 135–154 [145], doi:10.1177/0921374005058583
3. ^ a b Boltin, Kylie (Autumn 2003), "Saathiya: South Asian Cinema Otherwise Known as 'Bollywood'", Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine (136): 52–5, ISSN 0312-2654
4. ^ Article from indiatimes.com
5. ^ Filmfare history from dnnworld.com
6. ^ Filmfare Awards page from Imdb
7. ^ "A golden glow for Filmfare". The Hindu. PTI. 2005-01-28. http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/28/stories/2005012811310500.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
* 2 Awards
o 2.1 Merit awards
o 2.2 Critics' awards
o 2.3 Technical awards
o 2.4 Special awards
* 3 Records and facts
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
[edit] History
The Filmfare awards were first introduced in 1954. The Clares was the original name of the award ceremony, named after The Times of India critic Clare A Mandy. Readers of Filmfare were polled to decide the winners, and over 20,000 readers spread throughout India participated in the polls; trophies were given to winners of the popular vote. In the first awards function, held on 21 March 1954 at the Metro Theatre of Mumbai, only five awards were presented: Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Music Director. Do Bigha Zameen was the first movie to win the award for Best Film. The first winners for other four categories were: Bimal Roy for his direction of Do Bigha Zameen, Dilip Kumar for his performance in Daag, Meena Kumari for her performance in Baiju Bawra, and Naushad for his music in Baiju Bawra.
To celebrate the 25th year of the awards the statues were made in silver and to celebrate the 50th year the statues were made in gold.[7]
Filmfare Award function 1977
[edit] Awards
As of 2010, there are 37 awards. There is a separate category of film-critics awards, decided by noted film-critics rather than popular votes. This dual format has also generated some controversy amongst viewers and recipients. Awards are given in the following categories. Follow the links for lists of the award winners, year by year.
[edit] Merit awards
* Best Movie
* Best Director
* Best Actor
* Best Actress
* Best Supporting Actor
* Best Supporting Actress
* Best Performance in a Negative Role (category removed after 2007)
* Best Performance in a Comic Role (category removed after 2007)
* Best Male Debut
* Best Female Debut
* Best Music Director
* Best Lyricist
* Best Male Playback Singer
* Best Female Playback Singer
[edit] Critics' awards
* Critics Award Best Movie
* Critics Award Best Performance (Actor and Actress)
* Best Documentary (category removed after 1997)
[edit] Technical awards
* Best Story
* Best Screenplay
* Best Dialogue
* Best Action
* Best Art Direction
* Best Background Score
* Best Cinematography
* Best Editing
* Best Choreography
* Best Sound Recording
* Best Special Effects
* Best Costume Design
[edit] Special awards
* Lifetime Achievement
* Power Award (category removed after 2008)
* Special Performance Award
* Best Scene of the Year
* RD Burman Award for New Music Talent
* Best Film of 50 Years (2005)
[edit] Records and facts
* Most awards to a single film
o Black (2005) - 11
o Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) - 10
o Devdas (2002) - 10
o Madhumati (1958) - 9
* Most acting awards - male (Best Actor + Best Supporting Actor)
o Dilip Kumar (8+0) = 8
o Shahrukh Khan (8+0) = 8
o Amitabh Bachchan (5+3) = 8
* Most acting awards - female (Best Actress + Best Supporting Actress)
o Nutan (5+1) = 6
o Jaya Bachchan (3+3) = 6
o Kajol (5+0) = 5
o Madhuri Dixit (4+1) = 5
* Most playback singer - male
o Kishore Kumar = 8
* Most playback singer - female
o Asha Bhosle = 7
o Alka Yagnik = 7
[edit] See also
* Bollywood
* Cinema of India
* Filmfare Awards South
[edit] References
1. ^ a b Mishra, Vijay, Bollywood Cinema: A Critical Genealogy, Victoria University of Wellington, p. 9, http://www.victoria.ac.nz/asianstudies/publications/working/20Bollywood.pdf, retrieved 2009-02-24
2. ^ a b Mehta, Monika (2005), "Globalizing Bombay Cinema: Reproducing the Indian State and Family", Cultural Dynamics 17: 135–154 [145], doi:10.1177/0921374005058583
3. ^ a b Boltin, Kylie (Autumn 2003), "Saathiya: South Asian Cinema Otherwise Known as 'Bollywood'", Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine (136): 52–5, ISSN 0312-2654
4. ^ Article from indiatimes.com
5. ^ Filmfare history from dnnworld.com
6. ^ Filmfare Awards page from Imdb
7. ^ "A golden glow for Filmfare". The Hindu. PTI. 2005-01-28. http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/28/stories/2005012811310500.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
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