1) Filmi life aur Asli life me kya ANTAR hai?Srdr:Film me bahut mushkilo k bad
shadi hoti hai. Asli life me shadi k bad bahut mushkil hoti hai.
2) It was Santa's weding aniversary.Preeto :Shall v hav Tandoori chicken to
celebrate? Santa:y punish da poor chicken for da mistake v hav made
3) Fizao me tum ho Hawao me tum ho Baharo me tum ho Dhoop me tum ho chhaon me
tum ho.Sach hi suna tha.buri aatma ka koi thikana nahi hota...
4) U'r very special for me. I'm very concerned about u'r safety. But I can't be
with u always. So please, Take Care of yourself when u jump from 1 tree 2 another!
5) Definition of a Nurse
" a young and beautiful woman who fingers you in all places n holds
your hand and then expects your pulse to be normal...!"
6)
To,
The A.C.P,
Police station
Respected Sir,
As my friend forgot to SMS me,I kindly request u to take action against him & encounter His USELESS mobile !
7) Jab hum roya karenge teri yaden dhoya karenge,Jab hum pia karenge tujhe yaad
kia karenge,Agar hum mar bhi gaye to kya hoga,YAMRAJ ke mobile se SMS kia karenge
Cool Bhagwan ke bina mandir adhoora hai, dosti ke bina jeevan adhoora hai,patni ke
bina ghar adhoora hai,AUR AAPKE BINA CIRCUS ADHOORA HAI.
9) Yeh kis tarah yaad aa rahe ho,
Aankhen band hai phir bhi nazar aa rahe ho,
Na jane kyon aisa lagta hai jaise saamne khade ho aur POONCHH HILAA rahe ho...!!!
10)
Aankho me "SHARAFAT"
Chaal me "NAJAKAT"
Dil me "SACHCHAI" aur
Chehre me "SAFAI"
phir kyon na bole her LADKI apko "BHAI".
Wednesday, January 26, 2011
you tube
YouTube is a video-sharing website on which users can upload, share, and view videos, created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005.[3]
The company is based in San Bruno, California, and uses Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated video content, including movie clips, TV clips, and music videos, as well as amateur content such as video blogging and short original videos. Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals, although media corporations including CBS, BBC, Vevo and other organizations offer some of their material via the site, as part of the YouTube partnership program.[4]
Unregistered users may watch videos, and registered users may upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos that are considered to contain potentially offensive content are available only to registered users 18 and older. In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was bought by Google Inc. for $1.65 billion, and now operates as a subsidiary of Google.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Company history
* 2 Social impact
* 3 Criticism
o 3.1 Copyrighted material
o 3.2 Privacy
o 3.3 Controversial content
o 3.4 User comments
* 4 Censorship and filtering
* 5 Features
o 5.1 Video technology
+ 5.1.1 Playback
+ 5.1.2 Uploading
+ 5.1.3 Quality and codecs
+ 5.1.4 3D videos
o 5.2 Content accessibility
+ 5.2.1 Platforms
o 5.3 Localization
* 6 April Fools
* 7 See also
* 8 References
o 8.1 Bibliography
* 9 External links
Company history
Main article: History of YouTube
From left to right: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim
YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal.[5] Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, while Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[6]
According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, while Hurley commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible."[7]
YouTube began as a venture-funded technology startup, primarily from a US$11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006.[8] YouTube's early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California.[9] The domain name www.youtube.com was activated on February 14, 2005, and the website was developed over the subsequent months.[10]
The first YouTube video was entitled Me at the zoo, and shows founder Karim at the San Diego Zoo.[11] The video was uploaded on April 23, 2005, and can still be viewed on the site.[12]
YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005, six months before the official launch in November 2005. The site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day.[13] According to data published by market research company comScore, YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43 percent and more than 14 billion videos viewed in May 2010.[14] YouTube says that 35 hours of new videos are uploaded to the site every minute, and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the US.[15][16] It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000.[17] Alexa ranks YouTube as the third most visited website on the Internet, behind Google and Facebook.[18]
The choice of the name www.youtube.com led to problems for a similarly named website, www.utube.com. The owner of the site, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being overloaded on a regular basis by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www.utubeonline.com.[19][20] In October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.[21] Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing.[22] In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.[23]
In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney.[24][25] In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners.[26] In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service,[27] which is currently available only to users in the US.[28][29]
YouTube's current headquarters in San Bruno, California
In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, including 60 cricket matches of the Indian Premier League. According to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event.[30]
On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter."[31] In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day, which it described as "nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined."[32] In October 2010, Google published its third quarter financial results for the year, which stated that YouTube was serving two billion videos a week accompanied by advertising.[33]
In October 2010, Hurley announced that he would be stepping down as chief executive officer of YouTube to take an advisory role, and that Salar Kamangar would take over as head of the company.[34]
Social impact
Main article: Social impact of YouTube
Jawed Karim in the first YouTube video, Me at the zoo
Before the launch of YouTube in 2005, there were few easy methods available for ordinary computer users who wanted to post videos online. With its simple interface, YouTube made it possible for anyone with an Internet connection to post a video that a worldwide audience could watch within a few minutes. The wide range of topics covered by YouTube has turned video sharing into one of the most important parts of Internet culture.
An early example of the social impact of YouTube was the success of The Bus Uncle video in 2006. It shows a heated conversation between a youth and an older man on a bus in Hong Kong, and was discussed widely in the mainstream media.[35] Another YouTube video to receive extensive coverage is guitar,[36] which features a performance of Pachelbel's Canon on an electric guitar. The name of the performer is not given in the video. After it received millions of views The New York Times revealed the identity of the guitarist as Lim Jeong-hyun, a 23-year-old from South Korea who had recorded the track in his bedroom.[37]
Charlie Bit My Finger, one of YouTube's most-viewed videos.
Charlie Bit My Finger is a viral video famous for formerly being the most viewed YouTube video of all time. It had over 245 million hits as of November 2010.[38][39][40] The clip features two English brothers, with one-year-old Charlie biting the finger of his brother Harry, aged three.[41] In Time's list of YouTube's 50 greatest viral videos of all time, "Charlie Bit My Finger" was ranked at number one.[42]
YouTube was awarded a 2008 Peabody Award and cited for being "a 'Speakers' Corner' that both embodies and promotes democracy."[43][44]
Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list. It said: "Providing a safe home for piano-playing cats, celeb goof-ups, and overzealous lip-synchers since 2005."[45]
Criticism
Main article: Criticism of YouTube
Copyrighted material
YouTube has been criticized for failing to ensure that uploaded videos comply with copyright law. At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a screen with the message "Do not upload any TV shows, music videos, music concerts or advertisements without permission, unless they consist entirely of content that you created yourself".[46] Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material.[47][48][49] Viacom, demanding $1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed "an astounding 1.5 billion times". YouTube responded by stating that it "goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works". Since Viacom filed its lawsuit, YouTube has introduced a system called Video ID, which checks uploaded videos against a database of copyrighted content with the aim of reducing violations.[50][51] In June 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment, with U.S. federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling.[52]
In August 2008, a U.S. court ruled in Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. that copyright holders cannot order the removal of an online file without first determining whether the posting reflected fair use of the material. The case involved Stephanie Lenz from Gallitzin, Pennsylvania, who had made a home video of her 13-month-old son dancing to Prince's song "Let's Go Crazy", and posted the 29-second video on YouTube.[53]
Privacy
In July 2008, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The move led to concerns that the viewing habits of individual users could be identified through a combination of their IP addresses and log in names. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling "a set-back to privacy rights".[54] U.S. District Court Judge Louis L. Stanton dismissed the privacy concerns as "speculative", and ordered YouTube to hand over documents totaling around 12 terabytes of data. Judge Stanton rejected Viacom's request that YouTube hand over the source code of its search engine, saying that it was a trade secret.[55][56]
Controversial content
YouTube has also faced criticism over the offensive content in some of its videos. The uploading of videos containing defamation, pornography, and material encouraging criminal conduct is prohibited by YouTube's terms of service.[57] Controversial areas have included Holocaust denial and the Hillsborough Disaster, in which 96 football fans from Liverpool were crushed to death in 1989.[58][59]
YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service.[57] However, this procedure has been criticized by the United Kingdom government. In July 2008, the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was "unimpressed" with YouTube's system for policing its videos, and argued that "Proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content." YouTube responded by stating:
We have strict rules on what's allowed, and a system that enables anyone who sees inappropriate content to report it to our 24/7 review team and have it dealt with promptly. We educate our community on the rules and include a direct link from every YouTube page to make this process as easy as possible for our users. Given the volume of content uploaded on our site, we think this is by far the most effective way to make sure that the tiny minority of videos that break the rules come down quickly.[60]
In October 2010, U.S. Congressman Anthony Weiner urged YouTube to take down from its website videos of imam Anwar al-Awlaki, tied to the accused Fort Hood shooter, Christmas Day bomber, and attempted Times Square bomber, and on the U.S. targeted killing list, saying that by hosting al-Awlaki's messages, "We are facilitating the recruitment of homegrown terror."[61] British security minister Pauline Neville-Jones commented: "These Web sites would categorically not be allowed in the U.K. They incite cold-blooded murder, and as such are surely contrary to the public good." In November 2010, YouTube removed from its site some of the hundreds of videos featuring al-Awlaki's calls to jihad. It stated that it had removed videos that violated the site’s guidelines prohibiting "dangerous or illegal activities such as bomb-making, hate speech and incitement to commit violent acts," or came from accounts "registered by a member of a designated foreign terrorist organization."[62] In December 2010, YouTube added "promotes terrorism" to the list of reasons that users can give when flagging a video as inappropriate.[63]
User comments
Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. When Time in 2006 praised Web 2.0 for enabling "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", it added that YouTube "harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. Some of the comments on YouTube make you weep for the future of humanity just for the spelling alone, never mind the obscenity and the naked hatred".[64] The Guardian in 2009 described users' comments on YouTube as follows:
Juvenile, aggressive, misspelled, sexist, homophobic, swinging from raging at the contents of a video to providing a pointlessly detailed description followed by a LOL, YouTube comments are a hotbed of infantile debate and unashamed ignorance – with the occasional burst of wit shining through.[65]
In September 2008, The Daily Telegraph commented that YouTube was "notorious" for "some of the most confrontational and ill-formed comment exchanges on the internet", and reported on YouTube Comment Snob, "a new piece of software that blocks rude and illiterate posts".[66]
Censorship and filtering
Main article: Censorship of YouTube
Several countries have blocked access to YouTube by using Web filtering:
* As of December 2010[update], YouTube is blocked in the People's Republic of China.[67][68]
* Morocco shut down access to YouTube in 2008.[69]
* Thailand blocked YouTube between 2006 and 2007 due to offensive videos relating to King Bhumibol Adulyadej.[70][71]
* Turkey blocked access to YouTube between 2008 and 2010 after controversy over videos deemed insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[72][73][74] The block was lifted briefly but reimposed in November 2010.[75]
* On December 3, 2006, Iran temporarily blocked access to YouTube, along with several other sites, after declaring them as violating social and moral codes of conduct. The YouTube block came after a video was posted online that appeared to show an Iranian soap opera star having sex.[76] The block was later lifted and then reinstated after Iran's 2009 presidential election.[77]
* On February 23, 2008, Pakistan blocked YouTube because of "offensive material" towards the Islamic faith, including display of the Danish cartoons of the prophet Muhammad.[78] This led to a near global blackout of the YouTube site for around two hours, as the Pakistani block was inadvertently transferred to other countries. Pakistan lifted its block on February 26, 2008.[79] Many Pakistanis circumvented the three-day block by using virtual private network software.[80] In May 2010, following the Everybody Draw Mohammed Day, Pakistan again blocked access to YouTube, citing "growing sacrilegious content".[81]
* On January 24, 2010, Libya blocked access to YouTube after it featured videos of demonstrations in the Libyan city of Benghazi by families of detainees who were killed in Abu Salim prison in 1996, and videos of family members of Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi at parties. The blocking was criticized by Human Rights Watch.[82]
Some schools have blocked access to YouTube, citing the inability to determine what sort of video material might be accessed by students.[83]
Features
Main article: Features of YouTube
Video technology
Playback
Viewing YouTube videos on a personal computer requires the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to be installed in the browser. The Adobe Flash Player plug-in is one of the most common pieces of software installed on personal computers and accounts for almost 75% of online video material.[84]
In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that uses the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allows videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed.[85][86] The YouTube site has a page that allows supported browsers to opt in to the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that support HTML5 Video using the H.264 or WebM formats can play the videos, and not all videos on the site are available.[87][88]
Uploading
Videos uploaded to YouTube by standard account holders are limited to 15 minutes in duration. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload longer videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films.[89][90] The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010.[91] Partner accounts are permitted to upload longer videos, subject to acceptance by YouTube.[92] File size is limited to 2 GB for uploads from YouTube web page, and to 20 GB if Java-based Advanced Uploader is used. In December 2010, YouTube announced that holders of standard accounts would be allowed to upload videos of unlimited length, provided that they have a good history of following the site's Community Guidelines and policy on copyright.[93] [94] YouTube accepts videos uploaded in most container formats, including .AVI, .MKV, .MOV, .MP4, DivX, .FLV, and .ogg and .ogv. These include video formats such as MPEG-4, MPEG, and .WMV. It also supports 3GP, allowing videos to be uploaded from mobile phones.[95] Videos with progressive scanning or interlaced scanning can be uploaded, but for the best video quality, YouTube prefers interlaced videos to be deinterlaced prior to uploading. All the video formats on YouTube use progressive scanning.[96]
Quality and codecs
YouTube originally offered videos at only one quality level, displayed at a resolution of 320x240 pixels using the H.263 Sorenson Spark codec, with mono MP3 audio.[97] In June 2007, YouTube added an option to watch videos in 3GP format on mobile phones.[98] In March 2008, a high quality mode was added, which increased the resolution to 480x360 pixels[99] In November 2008 720p HD support was added so the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9. .[100] With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video codec. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4k format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096x3072 pixels.[101][102]
YouTube videos are available in a range of quality levels. The former names of standard quality (SQ), high quality (HQ) and high definition (HD) have been replaced by numerical values representing the vertical resolution of the video. The default video stream is encoded in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC format, with stereo AAC audio.[103]
In December of 2010, YouTube got rid of the option to automatically play videos in a specific format, depending on the URL, via putting "&fmt=xx" ("xx" determines one of ten different two-digit numbers) in the URL.
Comparison of YouTube media encoding options fmt value[1] 5 34 35 18 22 37 38 43 45 17
Default container FLV MP4 WebM[104] 3GP
Video Encoding H.263 MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) VP8 MPEG-4 Visual
Max width (pixels) 400 640 854 480 1280 1920 4096 854 1280 176
Max height (pixels) 240 360 480 360 720 1080 3072 480 720 144
Bitrate[2] (Mbit/s) 0.25 0.5 0.8 - 1 0.5 2 3.5 - 5 – – – –
Audio Encoding MP3 AAC Vorbis AAC
Channels 1–2 2 (stereo)
Sampling rate (Hz) 22050 44100 48000 44100
Bitrate[2] (kbit/s) – – – – – – – 96 128 –
^ 1 fmt is an undocumented URL parameter that allows selecting YouTube quality mode without using player user interface. YouTube removed this option on December of 2010.
^ 2 Approximate values based on statistical data; actual bitrate can be higher or lower due to variable encoding rate.[105][106][107][108]
3D videos
In a video posted on July 21, 2009,[109] YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect.[110][111][112]
Content accessibility
One of the key features of YouTube is the ability of users to view its videos on web pages outside the site. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML, which can be used to embed it on a page outside the YouTube website. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs.[113] Embedding, as well as ranking and commenting, can be disabled by the video owner.
YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface.[114] A small number of videos, such as the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama, can be downloaded as MP4 files.[115] Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser plug-ins allow users to download YouTube videos.[116] In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through Google Checkout.[117]
Platforms
Some smartphones are capable of accessing YouTube videos, dependent on the provider and the data plan. YouTube Mobile was launched in June 2007, and uses RTSP streaming for the video.[118] Not all of YouTube's videos are available on the mobile version of the site.[119]
Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and the iPhone.[120] A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos.[121] In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles.[122][123] In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen.[124]
Localization
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system.[125] The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 24 countries and a worldwide version.[126][127]
Country↓ Language↓ Launch date↓
Brazil Portuguese (Brazil) 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
France French 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Ireland English (Ireland) 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Italy Italian 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Japan Japanese 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Netherlands Dutch 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Poland Polish 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Spain Spanish 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
United Kingdom English (United Kingdom) 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Mexico Spanish (Mexico) 02007-10-11 October 11, 2007[128]
Hong Kong English and Chinese (Traditional) 02007-10-17 October 17, 2007[129]
Republic of China (Taiwan) Chinese (Traditional) 02007-10-18 October 18, 2007[129]
Australia English (Australia) 02007-10-22 October 22, 2007[130]
New Zealand English (New Zealand) 02007-10-22 October 22, 2007[130]
Canada English (Canada) and French (Canada) 02007-11-06 November 6, 2007[131]
Germany German 02007-11-08 November 8, 2007[132]
Russia Russian 02007-11-13 November 13, 2007
South Korea Korea Korean 02008-01-23 January 23, 2008
Israel Hebrew 02008-09-16 September 16, 2008
India English (India) and Hindi 02008-05-07 May 7, 2008[133]
Czech Republic Czech 02008-10-09 October 9, 2008[134]
Sweden Swedish 02008-10-22 October 22, 2008
South Africa English (South African) 02010-05-17 May 17, 2010[125]
Argentina Spanish 02010-09-08 September 8, 2010[126]
The YouTube interface suggests which local version should be chosen on the basis of the IP address of the user. In some cases, the message "This video is not available in your country" may appear because of copyright restrictions or inappropriate content.[135]
The interface of the YouTube website is available in 30 different languages, including Catalan, Danish, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Norwegian and Slovene, which do not have local channel versions.[2]
Plans for YouTube to create a local version in Turkey have run into problems, since the Turkish authorities asked YouTube to set up an office in Turkey, which would be subject to Turkish law. YouTube says that it has no intention of doing this, and that its videos are not subject to Turkish law. Turkish authorities have expressed concerns that YouTube has been used to post videos insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and some material offensive to Muslims.[136][137]
In March 2009, a dispute between YouTube and the British royalty collection agency PRS for Music led to premium music videos being blocked for YouTube users in the United Kingdom. The removal of videos posted by the major record companies occurred after failure to reach agreement on a licensing deal. The dispute was resolved in September 2009.[138] In April 2009, a similar dispute led to the removal of premium music videos for users in Germany.[139]
April Fools
YouTube has featured an April Fools prank on the site on April 1 of every year since 2008:
* 2008: All the links to the videos on the main page were redirected to Rick Astley's music video "Never Gonna Give You Up", a prank known as "Rickrolling".[140][141]
* 2009: When clicking on a video on the main page, the whole page turned upside down. YouTube claimed that this was a new layout.[142]
* 2010: YouTube temporarily released a "TEXTp" mode, which translated the colors in the videos to random upper case letters. YouTube claimed in a message that this was done in order to reduce bandwidth costs by $1 per second.[143]
See also
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San Francisco Bay Area portal
Companies portal
Internet portal
* Alternative media
* CNN-YouTube presidential debates
* Comparison of video services
* Dailymotion Similar video sharing site located in Paris, France
* List of Internet phenomena
* List of YouTube personalities
* Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.
* Viral video
* YouTube Awards
* YouTube Instant
* YouTube Live
References
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3. ^ Hopkins, Jim (October 11, 2006). "Surprise! There's a third YouTube co-founder". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
4. ^ Weber, Tim (March 2, 2007). "BBC strikes Google-YouTube deal". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6411017.stm. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
5. ^ Graham, Jefferson (November 21, 2005). "Video websites pop up, invite postings". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video-websites_x.htm. Retrieved July 28, 2006.
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7. ^ Cloud, John (December 16, 2006). "The Gurus of YouTube". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1570721,00.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
8. ^ Miguel Helft and Matt Richtel (October 10, 2006). "Venture Firm Shares a YouTube Jackpot". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/technology/10payday.html. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
9. ^ Sara Kehaulani Goo (October 7, 2006). "Ready for Its Close-Up". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/06/AR2006100600660.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
10. ^ "Whois Record for www.youtube.com". DomainTools. http://whois.domaintools.com/youtube.com. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
11. ^ Alleyne, Richard (July 31, 2008). "YouTube: Overnight success has sparked a backlash". London: Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2480280/YouTube-Overnight-success-has-sparked-a-backlash.html. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
12. ^ "Me at the zoo". YouTube. April 23, 2005. http://youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
13. ^ "YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online". USA Today. July 16, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-07-16-youtube-views_x.htm. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
14. ^ "comScore Releases May 2010 U.S. Online Video Rankings". comScore. http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/6/comScore_Releases_May_2010_U.S._Online_Video_Rankings. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
15. ^ "35 hours of video a minute uploaded to YouTube". AFP. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hL4UMqXBKBTfJ2PjHINPGpWZe82w?docId=CNG.7a039cc7305a51102e864beb3aa51545.181. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
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* Lacy, Sarah (2008). The Stories of Facebook, YouTube and MySpace: The People, the Hype and the Deals Behind the Giants of Web 2.0. Richmond: Crimson.
The company is based in San Bruno, California, and uses Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated video content, including movie clips, TV clips, and music videos, as well as amateur content such as video blogging and short original videos. Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals, although media corporations including CBS, BBC, Vevo and other organizations offer some of their material via the site, as part of the YouTube partnership program.[4]
Unregistered users may watch videos, and registered users may upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos that are considered to contain potentially offensive content are available only to registered users 18 and older. In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was bought by Google Inc. for $1.65 billion, and now operates as a subsidiary of Google.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Company history
* 2 Social impact
* 3 Criticism
o 3.1 Copyrighted material
o 3.2 Privacy
o 3.3 Controversial content
o 3.4 User comments
* 4 Censorship and filtering
* 5 Features
o 5.1 Video technology
+ 5.1.1 Playback
+ 5.1.2 Uploading
+ 5.1.3 Quality and codecs
+ 5.1.4 3D videos
o 5.2 Content accessibility
+ 5.2.1 Platforms
o 5.3 Localization
* 6 April Fools
* 7 See also
* 8 References
o 8.1 Bibliography
* 9 External links
Company history
Main article: History of YouTube
From left to right: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim
YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal.[5] Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, while Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[6]
According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, while Hurley commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible."[7]
YouTube began as a venture-funded technology startup, primarily from a US$11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006.[8] YouTube's early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California.[9] The domain name www.youtube.com was activated on February 14, 2005, and the website was developed over the subsequent months.[10]
The first YouTube video was entitled Me at the zoo, and shows founder Karim at the San Diego Zoo.[11] The video was uploaded on April 23, 2005, and can still be viewed on the site.[12]
YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005, six months before the official launch in November 2005. The site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day.[13] According to data published by market research company comScore, YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43 percent and more than 14 billion videos viewed in May 2010.[14] YouTube says that 35 hours of new videos are uploaded to the site every minute, and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the US.[15][16] It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000.[17] Alexa ranks YouTube as the third most visited website on the Internet, behind Google and Facebook.[18]
The choice of the name www.youtube.com led to problems for a similarly named website, www.utube.com. The owner of the site, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being overloaded on a regular basis by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www.utubeonline.com.[19][20] In October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.[21] Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing.[22] In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.[23]
In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney.[24][25] In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners.[26] In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service,[27] which is currently available only to users in the US.[28][29]
YouTube's current headquarters in San Bruno, California
In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, including 60 cricket matches of the Indian Premier League. According to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event.[30]
On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter."[31] In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day, which it described as "nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined."[32] In October 2010, Google published its third quarter financial results for the year, which stated that YouTube was serving two billion videos a week accompanied by advertising.[33]
In October 2010, Hurley announced that he would be stepping down as chief executive officer of YouTube to take an advisory role, and that Salar Kamangar would take over as head of the company.[34]
Social impact
Main article: Social impact of YouTube
Jawed Karim in the first YouTube video, Me at the zoo
Before the launch of YouTube in 2005, there were few easy methods available for ordinary computer users who wanted to post videos online. With its simple interface, YouTube made it possible for anyone with an Internet connection to post a video that a worldwide audience could watch within a few minutes. The wide range of topics covered by YouTube has turned video sharing into one of the most important parts of Internet culture.
An early example of the social impact of YouTube was the success of The Bus Uncle video in 2006. It shows a heated conversation between a youth and an older man on a bus in Hong Kong, and was discussed widely in the mainstream media.[35] Another YouTube video to receive extensive coverage is guitar,[36] which features a performance of Pachelbel's Canon on an electric guitar. The name of the performer is not given in the video. After it received millions of views The New York Times revealed the identity of the guitarist as Lim Jeong-hyun, a 23-year-old from South Korea who had recorded the track in his bedroom.[37]
Charlie Bit My Finger, one of YouTube's most-viewed videos.
Charlie Bit My Finger is a viral video famous for formerly being the most viewed YouTube video of all time. It had over 245 million hits as of November 2010.[38][39][40] The clip features two English brothers, with one-year-old Charlie biting the finger of his brother Harry, aged three.[41] In Time's list of YouTube's 50 greatest viral videos of all time, "Charlie Bit My Finger" was ranked at number one.[42]
YouTube was awarded a 2008 Peabody Award and cited for being "a 'Speakers' Corner' that both embodies and promotes democracy."[43][44]
Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list. It said: "Providing a safe home for piano-playing cats, celeb goof-ups, and overzealous lip-synchers since 2005."[45]
Criticism
Main article: Criticism of YouTube
Copyrighted material
YouTube has been criticized for failing to ensure that uploaded videos comply with copyright law. At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a screen with the message "Do not upload any TV shows, music videos, music concerts or advertisements without permission, unless they consist entirely of content that you created yourself".[46] Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material.[47][48][49] Viacom, demanding $1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed "an astounding 1.5 billion times". YouTube responded by stating that it "goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works". Since Viacom filed its lawsuit, YouTube has introduced a system called Video ID, which checks uploaded videos against a database of copyrighted content with the aim of reducing violations.[50][51] In June 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment, with U.S. federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling.[52]
In August 2008, a U.S. court ruled in Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. that copyright holders cannot order the removal of an online file without first determining whether the posting reflected fair use of the material. The case involved Stephanie Lenz from Gallitzin, Pennsylvania, who had made a home video of her 13-month-old son dancing to Prince's song "Let's Go Crazy", and posted the 29-second video on YouTube.[53]
Privacy
In July 2008, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The move led to concerns that the viewing habits of individual users could be identified through a combination of their IP addresses and log in names. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling "a set-back to privacy rights".[54] U.S. District Court Judge Louis L. Stanton dismissed the privacy concerns as "speculative", and ordered YouTube to hand over documents totaling around 12 terabytes of data. Judge Stanton rejected Viacom's request that YouTube hand over the source code of its search engine, saying that it was a trade secret.[55][56]
Controversial content
YouTube has also faced criticism over the offensive content in some of its videos. The uploading of videos containing defamation, pornography, and material encouraging criminal conduct is prohibited by YouTube's terms of service.[57] Controversial areas have included Holocaust denial and the Hillsborough Disaster, in which 96 football fans from Liverpool were crushed to death in 1989.[58][59]
YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service.[57] However, this procedure has been criticized by the United Kingdom government. In July 2008, the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was "unimpressed" with YouTube's system for policing its videos, and argued that "Proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content." YouTube responded by stating:
We have strict rules on what's allowed, and a system that enables anyone who sees inappropriate content to report it to our 24/7 review team and have it dealt with promptly. We educate our community on the rules and include a direct link from every YouTube page to make this process as easy as possible for our users. Given the volume of content uploaded on our site, we think this is by far the most effective way to make sure that the tiny minority of videos that break the rules come down quickly.[60]
In October 2010, U.S. Congressman Anthony Weiner urged YouTube to take down from its website videos of imam Anwar al-Awlaki, tied to the accused Fort Hood shooter, Christmas Day bomber, and attempted Times Square bomber, and on the U.S. targeted killing list, saying that by hosting al-Awlaki's messages, "We are facilitating the recruitment of homegrown terror."[61] British security minister Pauline Neville-Jones commented: "These Web sites would categorically not be allowed in the U.K. They incite cold-blooded murder, and as such are surely contrary to the public good." In November 2010, YouTube removed from its site some of the hundreds of videos featuring al-Awlaki's calls to jihad. It stated that it had removed videos that violated the site’s guidelines prohibiting "dangerous or illegal activities such as bomb-making, hate speech and incitement to commit violent acts," or came from accounts "registered by a member of a designated foreign terrorist organization."[62] In December 2010, YouTube added "promotes terrorism" to the list of reasons that users can give when flagging a video as inappropriate.[63]
User comments
Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. When Time in 2006 praised Web 2.0 for enabling "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", it added that YouTube "harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. Some of the comments on YouTube make you weep for the future of humanity just for the spelling alone, never mind the obscenity and the naked hatred".[64] The Guardian in 2009 described users' comments on YouTube as follows:
Juvenile, aggressive, misspelled, sexist, homophobic, swinging from raging at the contents of a video to providing a pointlessly detailed description followed by a LOL, YouTube comments are a hotbed of infantile debate and unashamed ignorance – with the occasional burst of wit shining through.[65]
In September 2008, The Daily Telegraph commented that YouTube was "notorious" for "some of the most confrontational and ill-formed comment exchanges on the internet", and reported on YouTube Comment Snob, "a new piece of software that blocks rude and illiterate posts".[66]
Censorship and filtering
Main article: Censorship of YouTube
Several countries have blocked access to YouTube by using Web filtering:
* As of December 2010[update], YouTube is blocked in the People's Republic of China.[67][68]
* Morocco shut down access to YouTube in 2008.[69]
* Thailand blocked YouTube between 2006 and 2007 due to offensive videos relating to King Bhumibol Adulyadej.[70][71]
* Turkey blocked access to YouTube between 2008 and 2010 after controversy over videos deemed insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[72][73][74] The block was lifted briefly but reimposed in November 2010.[75]
* On December 3, 2006, Iran temporarily blocked access to YouTube, along with several other sites, after declaring them as violating social and moral codes of conduct. The YouTube block came after a video was posted online that appeared to show an Iranian soap opera star having sex.[76] The block was later lifted and then reinstated after Iran's 2009 presidential election.[77]
* On February 23, 2008, Pakistan blocked YouTube because of "offensive material" towards the Islamic faith, including display of the Danish cartoons of the prophet Muhammad.[78] This led to a near global blackout of the YouTube site for around two hours, as the Pakistani block was inadvertently transferred to other countries. Pakistan lifted its block on February 26, 2008.[79] Many Pakistanis circumvented the three-day block by using virtual private network software.[80] In May 2010, following the Everybody Draw Mohammed Day, Pakistan again blocked access to YouTube, citing "growing sacrilegious content".[81]
* On January 24, 2010, Libya blocked access to YouTube after it featured videos of demonstrations in the Libyan city of Benghazi by families of detainees who were killed in Abu Salim prison in 1996, and videos of family members of Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi at parties. The blocking was criticized by Human Rights Watch.[82]
Some schools have blocked access to YouTube, citing the inability to determine what sort of video material might be accessed by students.[83]
Features
Main article: Features of YouTube
Video technology
Playback
Viewing YouTube videos on a personal computer requires the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to be installed in the browser. The Adobe Flash Player plug-in is one of the most common pieces of software installed on personal computers and accounts for almost 75% of online video material.[84]
In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that uses the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allows videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed.[85][86] The YouTube site has a page that allows supported browsers to opt in to the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that support HTML5 Video using the H.264 or WebM formats can play the videos, and not all videos on the site are available.[87][88]
Uploading
Videos uploaded to YouTube by standard account holders are limited to 15 minutes in duration. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload longer videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films.[89][90] The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010.[91] Partner accounts are permitted to upload longer videos, subject to acceptance by YouTube.[92] File size is limited to 2 GB for uploads from YouTube web page, and to 20 GB if Java-based Advanced Uploader is used. In December 2010, YouTube announced that holders of standard accounts would be allowed to upload videos of unlimited length, provided that they have a good history of following the site's Community Guidelines and policy on copyright.[93] [94] YouTube accepts videos uploaded in most container formats, including .AVI, .MKV, .MOV, .MP4, DivX, .FLV, and .ogg and .ogv. These include video formats such as MPEG-4, MPEG, and .WMV. It also supports 3GP, allowing videos to be uploaded from mobile phones.[95] Videos with progressive scanning or interlaced scanning can be uploaded, but for the best video quality, YouTube prefers interlaced videos to be deinterlaced prior to uploading. All the video formats on YouTube use progressive scanning.[96]
Quality and codecs
YouTube originally offered videos at only one quality level, displayed at a resolution of 320x240 pixels using the H.263 Sorenson Spark codec, with mono MP3 audio.[97] In June 2007, YouTube added an option to watch videos in 3GP format on mobile phones.[98] In March 2008, a high quality mode was added, which increased the resolution to 480x360 pixels[99] In November 2008 720p HD support was added so the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9. .[100] With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video codec. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4k format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096x3072 pixels.[101][102]
YouTube videos are available in a range of quality levels. The former names of standard quality (SQ), high quality (HQ) and high definition (HD) have been replaced by numerical values representing the vertical resolution of the video. The default video stream is encoded in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC format, with stereo AAC audio.[103]
In December of 2010, YouTube got rid of the option to automatically play videos in a specific format, depending on the URL, via putting "&fmt=xx" ("xx" determines one of ten different two-digit numbers) in the URL.
Comparison of YouTube media encoding options fmt value[1] 5 34 35 18 22 37 38 43 45 17
Default container FLV MP4 WebM[104] 3GP
Video Encoding H.263 MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) VP8 MPEG-4 Visual
Max width (pixels) 400 640 854 480 1280 1920 4096 854 1280 176
Max height (pixels) 240 360 480 360 720 1080 3072 480 720 144
Bitrate[2] (Mbit/s) 0.25 0.5 0.8 - 1 0.5 2 3.5 - 5 – – – –
Audio Encoding MP3 AAC Vorbis AAC
Channels 1–2 2 (stereo)
Sampling rate (Hz) 22050 44100 48000 44100
Bitrate[2] (kbit/s) – – – – – – – 96 128 –
^ 1 fmt is an undocumented URL parameter that allows selecting YouTube quality mode without using player user interface. YouTube removed this option on December of 2010.
^ 2 Approximate values based on statistical data; actual bitrate can be higher or lower due to variable encoding rate.[105][106][107][108]
3D videos
In a video posted on July 21, 2009,[109] YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect.[110][111][112]
Content accessibility
One of the key features of YouTube is the ability of users to view its videos on web pages outside the site. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML, which can be used to embed it on a page outside the YouTube website. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs.[113] Embedding, as well as ranking and commenting, can be disabled by the video owner.
YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface.[114] A small number of videos, such as the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama, can be downloaded as MP4 files.[115] Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser plug-ins allow users to download YouTube videos.[116] In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through Google Checkout.[117]
Platforms
Some smartphones are capable of accessing YouTube videos, dependent on the provider and the data plan. YouTube Mobile was launched in June 2007, and uses RTSP streaming for the video.[118] Not all of YouTube's videos are available on the mobile version of the site.[119]
Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and the iPhone.[120] A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos.[121] In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles.[122][123] In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen.[124]
Localization
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system.[125] The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 24 countries and a worldwide version.[126][127]
Country↓ Language↓ Launch date↓
Brazil Portuguese (Brazil) 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
France French 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Ireland English (Ireland) 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Italy Italian 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Japan Japanese 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Netherlands Dutch 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Poland Polish 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Spain Spanish 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
United Kingdom English (United Kingdom) 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[125]
Mexico Spanish (Mexico) 02007-10-11 October 11, 2007[128]
Hong Kong English and Chinese (Traditional) 02007-10-17 October 17, 2007[129]
Republic of China (Taiwan) Chinese (Traditional) 02007-10-18 October 18, 2007[129]
Australia English (Australia) 02007-10-22 October 22, 2007[130]
New Zealand English (New Zealand) 02007-10-22 October 22, 2007[130]
Canada English (Canada) and French (Canada) 02007-11-06 November 6, 2007[131]
Germany German 02007-11-08 November 8, 2007[132]
Russia Russian 02007-11-13 November 13, 2007
South Korea Korea Korean 02008-01-23 January 23, 2008
Israel Hebrew 02008-09-16 September 16, 2008
India English (India) and Hindi 02008-05-07 May 7, 2008[133]
Czech Republic Czech 02008-10-09 October 9, 2008[134]
Sweden Swedish 02008-10-22 October 22, 2008
South Africa English (South African) 02010-05-17 May 17, 2010[125]
Argentina Spanish 02010-09-08 September 8, 2010[126]
The YouTube interface suggests which local version should be chosen on the basis of the IP address of the user. In some cases, the message "This video is not available in your country" may appear because of copyright restrictions or inappropriate content.[135]
The interface of the YouTube website is available in 30 different languages, including Catalan, Danish, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Norwegian and Slovene, which do not have local channel versions.[2]
Plans for YouTube to create a local version in Turkey have run into problems, since the Turkish authorities asked YouTube to set up an office in Turkey, which would be subject to Turkish law. YouTube says that it has no intention of doing this, and that its videos are not subject to Turkish law. Turkish authorities have expressed concerns that YouTube has been used to post videos insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and some material offensive to Muslims.[136][137]
In March 2009, a dispute between YouTube and the British royalty collection agency PRS for Music led to premium music videos being blocked for YouTube users in the United Kingdom. The removal of videos posted by the major record companies occurred after failure to reach agreement on a licensing deal. The dispute was resolved in September 2009.[138] In April 2009, a similar dispute led to the removal of premium music videos for users in Germany.[139]
April Fools
YouTube has featured an April Fools prank on the site on April 1 of every year since 2008:
* 2008: All the links to the videos on the main page were redirected to Rick Astley's music video "Never Gonna Give You Up", a prank known as "Rickrolling".[140][141]
* 2009: When clicking on a video on the main page, the whole page turned upside down. YouTube claimed that this was a new layout.[142]
* 2010: YouTube temporarily released a "TEXTp" mode, which translated the colors in the videos to random upper case letters. YouTube claimed in a message that this was done in order to reduce bandwidth costs by $1 per second.[143]
See also
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San Francisco Bay Area portal
Companies portal
Internet portal
* Alternative media
* CNN-YouTube presidential debates
* Comparison of video services
* Dailymotion Similar video sharing site located in Paris, France
* List of Internet phenomena
* List of YouTube personalities
* Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.
* Viral video
* YouTube Awards
* YouTube Instant
* YouTube Live
References
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republic day
The Republic Day of India commemorates the date on which the Constitution of India came into force replacing the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing document of India on 26 January 1950.[1]
The 26th of January was chosen to honour the memory of the declaration of independence of 1930. It is one of the three national holidays in India, and while the main parade, Republic Day Parade takes place at the Rajpath, in the national capital New Delhi, where the president views the parade, state capitals also have their state celebrations.
Although India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947, it did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead, its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935, and the country was a Dominion, with George VI as head of state and Earl Mountbatten as Governor General. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution.
A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947. The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later, the Constitution of India became the law of all the Indian lands. The Constitution of India was passed on 26 November 1949, 10.18 AM IST, but it came into effect completely only on 26th January, 1950. Following elections on 21 January 1950, Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president of India. The Indian National Congress and other parties had been celebrating 26 January as a symbol of Independence, even before India actually became independent. Thus, applying the constitution on 26 January, to mark and respect 26 January and the freedom struggle and the freedom fighters.
The amending mechanism was lauded even at the time of introduction by Ambedkar in the following words: "We can therefore safely say that the Indian federation will not suffer from the faults of rigidity or legalism. Its distinguished feature is that it is a flexible federation.
"The three mechanisms of the system derived by the Assembly, contrary to the predictions, have made the constitution flexible at the same time protected the rights of the states. They have worked better than the amending process in any other country where Federalism and the British Parliamentary system jointly formed the basis of the constitution."
What Sir Anthony Eden, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (April 1955 to January 1957), said at the time of the emergence of Indian Republic is relevant in this context. He said, "Of all the experiments in government, which have been attempted since the beginning of time, I believe that the Indian venture into parliamentary government is the most exciting. A vast subcontinent is attempting to apply to its tens and thousands of millions a system of free democracy... It is a brave thing to try to do so. The Indian venture is not a pale imitation of our practice at home, but a magnified and multiplied reproduction on a scale we have never dreamt of. If it succeeds, its influence on Asia is incalculable for good. Whatever the outcome we must honour those who attempt it."
Even more meaningful was the opinion expressed by an American Constitutional authority, Granville Austin, who wrote that what the Indian Constituent Assembly began was "perhaps the greatest political venture since that originated in Philadelphia in 1787."
Austin has also described the Indian Constitution as 'first and foremost a social document.' ... "The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its achievement."
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Celebrations
* 2 Chief guest
* 3 See also
* 4 References
[edit] Celebrations
Agni-II missile in Republic Day Parade 2004
To mark the importance of the occasion, every year a grand parade is held in the capital, New Delhi, from the Raisina Hill near the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace), along the Rajpath, past India Gate . Prior to its commencement, the Prime Minister lays a floral wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti, a memorial to unknown soldiers at the India Gate at one end of Rajpath, which is followed by two minutes silence in the memory of unknown soldiers. Thereafter he reaches the main dais at Rajpath to join other dignitaries, subsequently the President arrives along with the chief guest of the occasion. First he unfurls the National flag, as the National Anthem is played, and a 21-gun salute is given. Next, important awards like the Ashok Chakra and Kirti Chakra are given away by the President, before the regiments of Armed Forces start their march past.
The different regiments of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Floats exhibiting the cultures of the various states and regions of India are in the grand parade, which is broadcast nationwide on television and radio. Also part of the parade are children who win the National Bravery Award for the year.[2] The parade also includes other vibrant displays and floats and traditionally ends with a flypast by Indian Air Force jets.
Celebrations are also held in state capitals, where the Governor of the state unfurls the national flag. If the Governor of the state is unwell, or is unavailable for some reason, the Chief Minister of the state assumes the honour of unfurling the National Flag of India.
Today, the Republic Day is celebrated with much enthusiasm all over the country and especially in the capital, New Delhi where the celebrations start with the Presidential address to the nation. The beginning of the occasion is always a solemn reminder of the sacrifice of the martyrs who died for the country in the freedom movement and the succeeding wars for the defence of sovereignty of their country. Then, the President comes forward to award the medals of bravery to the people from the armed forces for their exceptional courage in the field and also the civilians, who have distinguished themselves by their different acts of valour in different situations.
To mark the importance of this occasion, every year a grand parade is held in the capital, from the Rajghat, along the Vijaypath. The different regiments of the army, the Navy and the Air force march past in all their finery and official decorations even the horses of the cavalry are attractively caparisoned to suit the occasion. The crème of N. C. C. cadets, selected from all over the country consider it an honour to participate in this event, as do the school children from various schools in the capital. They spend many days preparing for the event and no expense is spared to see that every detail is taken care of, from their practice for the drills, the essential props and their uniforms.
The parade is followed by a pageant of spectacular displays from the different states of the country. These moving exhibits depict scenes of activities of people in those states and the music and songs of that particular state accompany each display. Each display brings out the diversity and richness of the culture of India and the whole show lends a festive air to the occasion. The parade and the ensuing pageantry is telecast by the National Television and is watched by millions of viewers in every corner of the country.
The patriotic fervor of the people on this day brings the whole country together even in her essential diversity. Every part of the country is represented in occasion, which makes the Republic Day the most popular of all the national holidays of India
[edit] Chief guest
Since 1950, India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950-1954, Republic Day celebrations were organized at different venues (like Irwin Stadium, Kingsway, Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds).[3] It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organized at Rajpath.[3] The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s-1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In the post-Cold War era, India has also invited several Western leaders on a state visit during the Republic Day. It is notable that before India fought bloody wars with China and Pakistan, leaders from these countries were invited as state guests for the Republic Day celebrations. Interestingly, Pakistan Food and Agriculture Minister was the second state guest from that country for Republic Day in 1965, a few days after which the two countries went to a war. Countries which have been invited multiple times include India's neighbours (Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Mauritius), defence allies (Russia/USSR, France and Britain), trade partners (Brazil) and NAM allies (Nigeria and erstwhile Yugoslavia). France has the distinction of being the guest of honour for the maximum (four) number of times followed by three visits each from Bhutan, Mauritius and USSR/Russia.
Year↓ Guest Name↓ Country↓ Note↓
1950 President Sukarno[3] Indonesia
1951 -
1952 -
1953 -
1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[4] Bhutan
1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[5] Pakistan first guest for parade at Rajpath [6]
1956 -
1957 -
1958 Marshall Ye Jianying[7] People's Republic of China
1959 -
1960 President Kliment Voroshilov[8] Soviet Union
1961 Queen Elizabeth II[9] United Kingdom
1962 -
1963 King Norodom Sihanouk[10] Cambodia
1964 -
1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid[3] Pakistan
1966 -
1967 -
1968 Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union
President Josip Broz Tito[11] Yugoslavia
1969 Prime Minister of Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov[12] Bulgaria
1970 -
1971 President Julius Nyerere[13] Tanzania
1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam [14] Mauritius
1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko[15] Zaire
1974 President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia
Prime Minister Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike[16] Sri Lanka
1975 President Kenneth Kaunda[17] Zambia
1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[18] France
1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek[19] Poland
1978 President Patrick Hillery[20] Ireland
1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[21] Australia
1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France
1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo[22] Mexico
1982 King Juan Carlos I[23] Spain
1983 President Shehu Shagari[24] Nigeria
1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[25] Bhutan
1985 President Raúl Alfonsín[26] Argentina
1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[27] Greece
1987 President Alan Garcia[28] Peru
1988 President Junius Jayewardene[29] Sri Lanka
1989 General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh[30] Vietnam
1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[31] Mauritius
1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[32] Maldives
1992 President Mário Soares[32] Portugal
1993 Prime Minister John Major[32] United Kingdom
1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[32] Singapore
1995 President Nelson Mandela[33] South Africa
1996 President Dr. Fernando Henrique Cardoso[34] Brazil
1997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[34] Trinidad and Tobago
1998 President Jacques Chirac[34] France
1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev[34] Nepal
2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo[35] Nigeria
2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[35] Algeria
2002 President Cassam Uteem[35] Mauritius
2003 President Mohammed Khatami[35] Iran
2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva [36] Brazil
2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[36] Bhutan
2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[36] Saudi Arabia
2007 President Vladimir Putin[36] Russia
2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy[36] France
2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev[36] Kazakhstan
2010 President Lee Myung Bak[37] Republic of Korea
2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[38] Indonesia
[edit] See also
* Independence Day (India)
* History of India
* Republic Day in other countries
[edit] References
1. ^ "Introduction to Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and Justice of India. 29 July 2008. http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
2. ^ National Bravery Awards-2005 Press Release, Govt. of India.
3. ^ a b c d http://www.scribd.com/doc/27325262/Yog-Sandesh-Jan-10-English
4. ^ www.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/SW29.pdf
5. ^ http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Ntoyi7nyU6AJ:www.dawn.com/2005/01/31/fea.htm+india+"chief+guest"+of+"republic+day+parade"+"1955"&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
6. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=lQ74TNLeDpS4sAOS1oSGAg&ct=result&id=iru1AAAAIAAJ&dq=visit+india+republic+day+january+1964+nehru&q=republic+day#search_anchor
7. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=8F_4TIDxJ5KqsAPxxvDtAg&ct=result&id=Rh1uAAAAMAAJ&dq=visited+india+as+guest+%22republic+day%22+%221957%22&q=marshall#search_anchor
8. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=QfqUPmd1nvQC&pg=PA375&lpg=PA375&dq=Voroshilov+visited+india+january&source=bl&ots=DlQvYLLddW&sig=y2KZqSLRHhhvFVMqY4m_BaSFWPE&hl=en&ei=e_b3TL6ZHojUtQPczfn-AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Voroshilov%20visited%20india%20january&f=false
9. ^ http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/123836/News/Pandit-Jawaharlal-Nehru-Queen-Eliza.html
10. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=RNH6TMSOIY64sQO0lKj3DQ&ct=result&id=41jVAAAAMAAJ&dq=Norodom+Sihanouk+visit+to+india+january+1963+republic+day&q=invitation+1963+radhakrishnan#search_anchor
11. ^ http://www.google.com/search?q=visit+to+New+Delhi+of+Mr+Kosygin+on+the+occasion+of+Republic+Day&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a#hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q=visit+of+Alexei+Kosygin+on+india+Republic+Day+january+1969&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbo=u&tbs=bks:1&source=og&sa=N&tab=wp&fp=7d6fc978b7918c0e
12. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=6sz6TO6GJ476sAPz99T2DQ&ct=result&id=v2LVAAAAMAAJ&dq=bulgari+president+T.+Zhivkov+visit+to+india+january+1969+republic+day&q=Todor+Zhivkov+republic+day#search_anchor
13. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=2yL4TOSOBJO6sQPS97n8AQ&ct=result&id=Ij9EAAAAIAAJ&dq=visit+to+india+january+1971+republic+day&q=principal+guest#search_anchor
14. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=cNb6TIzDOpL0tgOuqd33DQ&ct=result&sqi=2&id=y1IgAAAAMAAJ&dq=visit+to+india+Republic+Day+celebration+january+1972&q=Ramgoolam+republic+day#search_anchor
15. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=DOT6TKCaAoS0sAPa0oj3DQ&ct=result&id=nw62AAAAIAAJ&dq=President+Mobutu+of+Zaire+visited+a+state+visit+to+India+from+January+21+1973&q=President+Mobutu+#search_anchor
16. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=7TT4TNKOJonAsAPrqMnXAg&ct=result&id=9mhDAAAAYAAJ&dq=visit+India+in+January+1973+guest+%22republic+day%22&q=tito#search_anchor
17. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=BVnVAAAAMAAJ&q=President+Kenneth+Kaunda+visit+to+india+1974+republic+day&dq=President+Kenneth+Kaunda+visit+to+india+1974+republic+day&hl=en&ei=7i34TMO1CpL4swOdrd2WAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBQ
18. ^ http://www.ambafrance-au.org/france_australie/spip.php?article1521
19. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=F_73TP6oB5TAsAP46oWVAg&ct=result&id=s94nAAAAMAAJ&dq=Edward+Gierek+visit+india+in+january+1976&q=Edward+Gierek+1977#search_anchor
20. ^ http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/claremuseum/projects/hillery_exhibition/5_visits.htm
21. ^ http://www.hcindia-au.org/bilateral_visits.html
22. ^ http://mealib.nic.in/reports/80.81.htm
23. ^ http://mealib.nic.in/reports/81-82.htm
24. ^ http://mealib.nic.in/reports/83.84.htm
25. ^ http://mealib.nic.in/reports/84.85.htm
26. ^ www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/23fr01.pdf
27. ^ www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/annualreport/ar20002001.pd
28. ^ http://meacommunity.org/Documents/MEA%20Annual%20Report%201986.doc
29. ^ http://meacommunity.org/Documents/ANNUAL%20REPORT%201987.doc
30. ^ http://meacommunity.org/Documents/ANNUAL%20REPORT%201988.doc
31. ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6
32. ^ a b c d http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/5
33. ^ "General South African History timeline" sahistory.org.za Accessed on 13 June 2008.
34. ^ a b c d http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/4
35. ^ a b c d http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/3
36. ^ a b c d e f http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/2
37. ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/1
38. ^ http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/03/indonesian-president-next-republic-day-parade-chief-guest.htm
The 26th of January was chosen to honour the memory of the declaration of independence of 1930. It is one of the three national holidays in India, and while the main parade, Republic Day Parade takes place at the Rajpath, in the national capital New Delhi, where the president views the parade, state capitals also have their state celebrations.
Although India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947, it did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead, its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935, and the country was a Dominion, with George VI as head of state and Earl Mountbatten as Governor General. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution.
A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947. The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later, the Constitution of India became the law of all the Indian lands. The Constitution of India was passed on 26 November 1949, 10.18 AM IST, but it came into effect completely only on 26th January, 1950. Following elections on 21 January 1950, Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president of India. The Indian National Congress and other parties had been celebrating 26 January as a symbol of Independence, even before India actually became independent. Thus, applying the constitution on 26 January, to mark and respect 26 January and the freedom struggle and the freedom fighters.
The amending mechanism was lauded even at the time of introduction by Ambedkar in the following words: "We can therefore safely say that the Indian federation will not suffer from the faults of rigidity or legalism. Its distinguished feature is that it is a flexible federation.
"The three mechanisms of the system derived by the Assembly, contrary to the predictions, have made the constitution flexible at the same time protected the rights of the states. They have worked better than the amending process in any other country where Federalism and the British Parliamentary system jointly formed the basis of the constitution."
What Sir Anthony Eden, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (April 1955 to January 1957), said at the time of the emergence of Indian Republic is relevant in this context. He said, "Of all the experiments in government, which have been attempted since the beginning of time, I believe that the Indian venture into parliamentary government is the most exciting. A vast subcontinent is attempting to apply to its tens and thousands of millions a system of free democracy... It is a brave thing to try to do so. The Indian venture is not a pale imitation of our practice at home, but a magnified and multiplied reproduction on a scale we have never dreamt of. If it succeeds, its influence on Asia is incalculable for good. Whatever the outcome we must honour those who attempt it."
Even more meaningful was the opinion expressed by an American Constitutional authority, Granville Austin, who wrote that what the Indian Constituent Assembly began was "perhaps the greatest political venture since that originated in Philadelphia in 1787."
Austin has also described the Indian Constitution as 'first and foremost a social document.' ... "The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its achievement."
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Celebrations
* 2 Chief guest
* 3 See also
* 4 References
[edit] Celebrations
Agni-II missile in Republic Day Parade 2004
To mark the importance of the occasion, every year a grand parade is held in the capital, New Delhi, from the Raisina Hill near the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace), along the Rajpath, past India Gate . Prior to its commencement, the Prime Minister lays a floral wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti, a memorial to unknown soldiers at the India Gate at one end of Rajpath, which is followed by two minutes silence in the memory of unknown soldiers. Thereafter he reaches the main dais at Rajpath to join other dignitaries, subsequently the President arrives along with the chief guest of the occasion. First he unfurls the National flag, as the National Anthem is played, and a 21-gun salute is given. Next, important awards like the Ashok Chakra and Kirti Chakra are given away by the President, before the regiments of Armed Forces start their march past.
The different regiments of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Floats exhibiting the cultures of the various states and regions of India are in the grand parade, which is broadcast nationwide on television and radio. Also part of the parade are children who win the National Bravery Award for the year.[2] The parade also includes other vibrant displays and floats and traditionally ends with a flypast by Indian Air Force jets.
Celebrations are also held in state capitals, where the Governor of the state unfurls the national flag. If the Governor of the state is unwell, or is unavailable for some reason, the Chief Minister of the state assumes the honour of unfurling the National Flag of India.
Today, the Republic Day is celebrated with much enthusiasm all over the country and especially in the capital, New Delhi where the celebrations start with the Presidential address to the nation. The beginning of the occasion is always a solemn reminder of the sacrifice of the martyrs who died for the country in the freedom movement and the succeeding wars for the defence of sovereignty of their country. Then, the President comes forward to award the medals of bravery to the people from the armed forces for their exceptional courage in the field and also the civilians, who have distinguished themselves by their different acts of valour in different situations.
To mark the importance of this occasion, every year a grand parade is held in the capital, from the Rajghat, along the Vijaypath. The different regiments of the army, the Navy and the Air force march past in all their finery and official decorations even the horses of the cavalry are attractively caparisoned to suit the occasion. The crème of N. C. C. cadets, selected from all over the country consider it an honour to participate in this event, as do the school children from various schools in the capital. They spend many days preparing for the event and no expense is spared to see that every detail is taken care of, from their practice for the drills, the essential props and their uniforms.
The parade is followed by a pageant of spectacular displays from the different states of the country. These moving exhibits depict scenes of activities of people in those states and the music and songs of that particular state accompany each display. Each display brings out the diversity and richness of the culture of India and the whole show lends a festive air to the occasion. The parade and the ensuing pageantry is telecast by the National Television and is watched by millions of viewers in every corner of the country.
The patriotic fervor of the people on this day brings the whole country together even in her essential diversity. Every part of the country is represented in occasion, which makes the Republic Day the most popular of all the national holidays of India
[edit] Chief guest
Since 1950, India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950-1954, Republic Day celebrations were organized at different venues (like Irwin Stadium, Kingsway, Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds).[3] It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organized at Rajpath.[3] The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s-1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In the post-Cold War era, India has also invited several Western leaders on a state visit during the Republic Day. It is notable that before India fought bloody wars with China and Pakistan, leaders from these countries were invited as state guests for the Republic Day celebrations. Interestingly, Pakistan Food and Agriculture Minister was the second state guest from that country for Republic Day in 1965, a few days after which the two countries went to a war. Countries which have been invited multiple times include India's neighbours (Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Mauritius), defence allies (Russia/USSR, France and Britain), trade partners (Brazil) and NAM allies (Nigeria and erstwhile Yugoslavia). France has the distinction of being the guest of honour for the maximum (four) number of times followed by three visits each from Bhutan, Mauritius and USSR/Russia.
Year↓ Guest Name↓ Country↓ Note↓
1950 President Sukarno[3] Indonesia
1951 -
1952 -
1953 -
1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[4] Bhutan
1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[5] Pakistan first guest for parade at Rajpath [6]
1956 -
1957 -
1958 Marshall Ye Jianying[7] People's Republic of China
1959 -
1960 President Kliment Voroshilov[8] Soviet Union
1961 Queen Elizabeth II[9] United Kingdom
1962 -
1963 King Norodom Sihanouk[10] Cambodia
1964 -
1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid[3] Pakistan
1966 -
1967 -
1968 Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union
President Josip Broz Tito[11] Yugoslavia
1969 Prime Minister of Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov[12] Bulgaria
1970 -
1971 President Julius Nyerere[13] Tanzania
1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam [14] Mauritius
1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko[15] Zaire
1974 President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia
Prime Minister Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike[16] Sri Lanka
1975 President Kenneth Kaunda[17] Zambia
1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[18] France
1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek[19] Poland
1978 President Patrick Hillery[20] Ireland
1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[21] Australia
1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France
1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo[22] Mexico
1982 King Juan Carlos I[23] Spain
1983 President Shehu Shagari[24] Nigeria
1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[25] Bhutan
1985 President Raúl Alfonsín[26] Argentina
1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[27] Greece
1987 President Alan Garcia[28] Peru
1988 President Junius Jayewardene[29] Sri Lanka
1989 General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh[30] Vietnam
1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[31] Mauritius
1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[32] Maldives
1992 President Mário Soares[32] Portugal
1993 Prime Minister John Major[32] United Kingdom
1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[32] Singapore
1995 President Nelson Mandela[33] South Africa
1996 President Dr. Fernando Henrique Cardoso[34] Brazil
1997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[34] Trinidad and Tobago
1998 President Jacques Chirac[34] France
1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev[34] Nepal
2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo[35] Nigeria
2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[35] Algeria
2002 President Cassam Uteem[35] Mauritius
2003 President Mohammed Khatami[35] Iran
2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva [36] Brazil
2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[36] Bhutan
2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[36] Saudi Arabia
2007 President Vladimir Putin[36] Russia
2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy[36] France
2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev[36] Kazakhstan
2010 President Lee Myung Bak[37] Republic of Korea
2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[38] Indonesia
[edit] See also
* Independence Day (India)
* History of India
* Republic Day in other countries
[edit] References
1. ^ "Introduction to Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and Justice of India. 29 July 2008. http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
2. ^ National Bravery Awards-2005 Press Release, Govt. of India.
3. ^ a b c d http://www.scribd.com/doc/27325262/Yog-Sandesh-Jan-10-English
4. ^ www.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/SW29.pdf
5. ^ http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Ntoyi7nyU6AJ:www.dawn.com/2005/01/31/fea.htm+india+"chief+guest"+of+"republic+day+parade"+"1955"&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
6. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=lQ74TNLeDpS4sAOS1oSGAg&ct=result&id=iru1AAAAIAAJ&dq=visit+india+republic+day+january+1964+nehru&q=republic+day#search_anchor
7. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=8F_4TIDxJ5KqsAPxxvDtAg&ct=result&id=Rh1uAAAAMAAJ&dq=visited+india+as+guest+%22republic+day%22+%221957%22&q=marshall#search_anchor
8. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=QfqUPmd1nvQC&pg=PA375&lpg=PA375&dq=Voroshilov+visited+india+january&source=bl&ots=DlQvYLLddW&sig=y2KZqSLRHhhvFVMqY4m_BaSFWPE&hl=en&ei=e_b3TL6ZHojUtQPczfn-AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Voroshilov%20visited%20india%20january&f=false
9. ^ http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/123836/News/Pandit-Jawaharlal-Nehru-Queen-Eliza.html
10. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=RNH6TMSOIY64sQO0lKj3DQ&ct=result&id=41jVAAAAMAAJ&dq=Norodom+Sihanouk+visit+to+india+january+1963+republic+day&q=invitation+1963+radhakrishnan#search_anchor
11. ^ http://www.google.com/search?q=visit+to+New+Delhi+of+Mr+Kosygin+on+the+occasion+of+Republic+Day&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a#hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q=visit+of+Alexei+Kosygin+on+india+Republic+Day+january+1969&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbo=u&tbs=bks:1&source=og&sa=N&tab=wp&fp=7d6fc978b7918c0e
12. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=6sz6TO6GJ476sAPz99T2DQ&ct=result&id=v2LVAAAAMAAJ&dq=bulgari+president+T.+Zhivkov+visit+to+india+january+1969+republic+day&q=Todor+Zhivkov+republic+day#search_anchor
13. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=2yL4TOSOBJO6sQPS97n8AQ&ct=result&id=Ij9EAAAAIAAJ&dq=visit+to+india+january+1971+republic+day&q=principal+guest#search_anchor
14. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=cNb6TIzDOpL0tgOuqd33DQ&ct=result&sqi=2&id=y1IgAAAAMAAJ&dq=visit+to+india+Republic+Day+celebration+january+1972&q=Ramgoolam+republic+day#search_anchor
15. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=DOT6TKCaAoS0sAPa0oj3DQ&ct=result&id=nw62AAAAIAAJ&dq=President+Mobutu+of+Zaire+visited+a+state+visit+to+India+from+January+21+1973&q=President+Mobutu+#search_anchor
16. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=7TT4TNKOJonAsAPrqMnXAg&ct=result&id=9mhDAAAAYAAJ&dq=visit+India+in+January+1973+guest+%22republic+day%22&q=tito#search_anchor
17. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=BVnVAAAAMAAJ&q=President+Kenneth+Kaunda+visit+to+india+1974+republic+day&dq=President+Kenneth+Kaunda+visit+to+india+1974+republic+day&hl=en&ei=7i34TMO1CpL4swOdrd2WAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBQ
18. ^ http://www.ambafrance-au.org/france_australie/spip.php?article1521
19. ^ http://books.google.com/books?ei=F_73TP6oB5TAsAP46oWVAg&ct=result&id=s94nAAAAMAAJ&dq=Edward+Gierek+visit+india+in+january+1976&q=Edward+Gierek+1977#search_anchor
20. ^ http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/claremuseum/projects/hillery_exhibition/5_visits.htm
21. ^ http://www.hcindia-au.org/bilateral_visits.html
22. ^ http://mealib.nic.in/reports/80.81.htm
23. ^ http://mealib.nic.in/reports/81-82.htm
24. ^ http://mealib.nic.in/reports/83.84.htm
25. ^ http://mealib.nic.in/reports/84.85.htm
26. ^ www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/23fr01.pdf
27. ^ www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/annualreport/ar20002001.pd
28. ^ http://meacommunity.org/Documents/MEA%20Annual%20Report%201986.doc
29. ^ http://meacommunity.org/Documents/ANNUAL%20REPORT%201987.doc
30. ^ http://meacommunity.org/Documents/ANNUAL%20REPORT%201988.doc
31. ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6
32. ^ a b c d http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/5
33. ^ "General South African History timeline" sahistory.org.za Accessed on 13 June 2008.
34. ^ a b c d http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/4
35. ^ a b c d http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/3
36. ^ a b c d e f http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/2
37. ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/1
38. ^ http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/03/indonesian-president-next-republic-day-parade-chief-guest.htm
torrent
torrent file stores metadata used for BitTorrent. It is defined in the BitTorrent specification[1].
A torrent file contains the URLs of multiple trackers and integrity metadata about all the pieces. It can also contain additional metadata defined in extensions to the BitTorrent specification[2]. These are known as "BitTorrent Enhancement Proposals". Examples of such proposals include metadata for stating who created the torrent, and when.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 File structure
* 2 Extensions
o 2.1 Draft extensions
+ 2.1.1 Distributed hash tables
+ 2.1.2 Multiple trackers
+ 2.1.3 HTTP seeds
+ 2.1.4 Private torrents
+ 2.1.5 Merkle trees
* 3 Examples
o 3.1 Single file
o 3.2 Multiple files
* 4 References
* 5 External links
[edit] File structure
A torrent file is a bencoded dictionary with the following keys:
* announce - the URL of the tracker
* info - this maps to a dictionary whose keys are dependent on whether one or more files are being shared:
o name - suggested file/directory name where the file(s) is/are to be saved
o piece length - number of bytes per piece. This is commonly 218 = 256KiB = 262144B.
o pieces - concatenation of each piece's SHA-1 hash. As SHA-1 returns a 160-bit hash, pieces will be a string whose length is a multiple of 160-bits.
And exactly one of length (corresponds to when only one file is being shared) or files (corresponds to when multiple files are being shared):
*
o length - size of the file (in bytes)
o files - a list of dictionaries (each dictionary corresponds to a file) with the following keys:
+ path - a list of strings corresponding to subdirectory names, the last of which is the actual file name
+ length - size of the file (in bytes)
All strings must be UTF-8 encoded.
[edit] Extensions
[edit] Draft extensions
These extensions are under consideration for standardization.
[edit] Distributed hash tables
BEP-0005[3] extends BitTorrent to support distributed hash tables.
A trackerless torrent dictionary does not have an announce key. Instead, a trackerless torrent has a nodes key:
{
...
'nodes': [["", ], ["", ], ...]
...
}
For example,
'nodes': [["127.0.0.1", 6881], ["your.router.node", 4804]]
The specification recommends that nodes "should be set to the K closest nodes in the torrent generating client's routing table. Alternatively, the key could be set to a known good node such as one operated by the person generating the torrent."
[edit] Multiple trackers
BEP-0012[4] extends BitTorrent to support multiple trackers.
A new key, announce-list, is placed in the top-most list (i.e. with announce and info). This key's value is a list of tracker "tiers". Each tier is a list of URLs:
{
...
'announce-list': [["http://tracker.site1.com/announce"], ["http://tracker.site2.com/announce"]]
...
}
[edit] HTTP seeds
BEP-0017[5] extends BitTorrent to support HTTP seeds.
A new key, httpseeds, is placed in the top-most list (i.e. with announce and info). This key's value is a list of web addresses where torrent data can be retrieved:
{
...
'httpseeds': ['http://www.site1.com/source1.php', http://www.site2.com/source2.php']
...
}
[edit] Private torrents
BEP-0027[6] extends BitTorrent to support private torrents.
A new key, private, is placed in the info dictionary. This key's value is 1 if the torrent is private:
{
...
'private': 1
...
}
[edit] Merkle trees
BEP-0030[7] extends BitTorrent to support Merkle trees.
A torrent file using Merkle trees does not have a pieces key in the info list. Instead, such a torrent file has a root hash key in the info list. This key's value is the root hash of the Merkle hash:
{
...
'info': {
...
'root hash': e6bdebcc5d55da0a77f4bb1b57d88de794838577
...
}
...
}
[edit] Examples
[edit] Single file
Here is what a de-bencoded torrent file (with piece length 256KiB = 262144 bytes) for a file debian-503-amd64-CD-1.iso (whose size is 647MiB = 678301696 bytes) might look like:
{'announce': 'http://bttracker.debian.org:6969/announce'
'info': {'name': 'debian-503-amd64-CD-1.iso',
'piece length': 262144,
'length': 678301696,
'pieces': '841ae846bc5b6d7bd6e9aa3dd9e551559c82abc1 ... d14f1631d776008f83772ee170c42411618190a4'
}
}
Note: pieces here would be a ceil(length/piece length) * 160-bit = ceil(678301696/262144) * 160-bit = ceil(2587.515625) * 160-bit = 2588 * 160-bit = 414080-bit = 51KiB value.
[edit] Multiple files
Here is what a de-bencoded torrent file (with piece length 256KiB = 262144) for two files, 111.txt & 222.txt, might look like:
{'announce': 'http://tracker.site1.com/announce',
'info: {'name': 'directoryName',
'piece length': 262144,
'files': [ {'path': '111.txt', 'length': 111},
{'path': '222.txt', 'length': 222}
],
'pieces': '6a8af7eda90ba9f851831073c48ea6b7b7e9feeb...8a43d9d965a47f75488d3fb47d2c586337a20b9f'
}
}
[edit] References
1. ^ a b "BEP-0003: The BitTorrent Protocol Specification". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0003.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
2. ^ "BEP-0000: Index of BitTorrent Enhancement Proposals". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0000.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
3. ^ "BEP-0005: DHT Protocol". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0005.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
4. ^ "BEP-0012: Multitracker Metadata Extension". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0012.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
5. ^ "BEP-0017: HTTP Seeding". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0017.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
6. ^ "BEP-0027: Private Torrents". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0027.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
7. ^ "BEP-0030: Merkle hash torrent extension". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0030.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
A torrent file contains the URLs of multiple trackers and integrity metadata about all the pieces. It can also contain additional metadata defined in extensions to the BitTorrent specification[2]. These are known as "BitTorrent Enhancement Proposals". Examples of such proposals include metadata for stating who created the torrent, and when.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 File structure
* 2 Extensions
o 2.1 Draft extensions
+ 2.1.1 Distributed hash tables
+ 2.1.2 Multiple trackers
+ 2.1.3 HTTP seeds
+ 2.1.4 Private torrents
+ 2.1.5 Merkle trees
* 3 Examples
o 3.1 Single file
o 3.2 Multiple files
* 4 References
* 5 External links
[edit] File structure
A torrent file is a bencoded dictionary with the following keys:
* announce - the URL of the tracker
* info - this maps to a dictionary whose keys are dependent on whether one or more files are being shared:
o name - suggested file/directory name where the file(s) is/are to be saved
o piece length - number of bytes per piece. This is commonly 218 = 256KiB = 262144B.
o pieces - concatenation of each piece's SHA-1 hash. As SHA-1 returns a 160-bit hash, pieces will be a string whose length is a multiple of 160-bits.
And exactly one of length (corresponds to when only one file is being shared) or files (corresponds to when multiple files are being shared):
*
o length - size of the file (in bytes)
o files - a list of dictionaries (each dictionary corresponds to a file) with the following keys:
+ path - a list of strings corresponding to subdirectory names, the last of which is the actual file name
+ length - size of the file (in bytes)
All strings must be UTF-8 encoded.
[edit] Extensions
[edit] Draft extensions
These extensions are under consideration for standardization.
[edit] Distributed hash tables
BEP-0005[3] extends BitTorrent to support distributed hash tables.
A trackerless torrent dictionary does not have an announce key. Instead, a trackerless torrent has a nodes key:
{
...
'nodes': [["
...
}
For example,
'nodes': [["127.0.0.1", 6881], ["your.router.node", 4804]]
The specification recommends that nodes "should be set to the K closest nodes in the torrent generating client's routing table. Alternatively, the key could be set to a known good node such as one operated by the person generating the torrent."
[edit] Multiple trackers
BEP-0012[4] extends BitTorrent to support multiple trackers.
A new key, announce-list, is placed in the top-most list (i.e. with announce and info). This key's value is a list of tracker "tiers". Each tier is a list of URLs:
{
...
'announce-list': [["http://tracker.site1.com/announce"], ["http://tracker.site2.com/announce"]]
...
}
[edit] HTTP seeds
BEP-0017[5] extends BitTorrent to support HTTP seeds.
A new key, httpseeds, is placed in the top-most list (i.e. with announce and info). This key's value is a list of web addresses where torrent data can be retrieved:
{
...
'httpseeds': ['http://www.site1.com/source1.php', http://www.site2.com/source2.php']
...
}
[edit] Private torrents
BEP-0027[6] extends BitTorrent to support private torrents.
A new key, private, is placed in the info dictionary. This key's value is 1 if the torrent is private:
{
...
'private': 1
...
}
[edit] Merkle trees
BEP-0030[7] extends BitTorrent to support Merkle trees.
A torrent file using Merkle trees does not have a pieces key in the info list. Instead, such a torrent file has a root hash key in the info list. This key's value is the root hash of the Merkle hash:
{
...
'info': {
...
'root hash': e6bdebcc5d55da0a77f4bb1b57d88de794838577
...
}
...
}
[edit] Examples
[edit] Single file
Here is what a de-bencoded torrent file (with piece length 256KiB = 262144 bytes) for a file debian-503-amd64-CD-1.iso (whose size is 647MiB = 678301696 bytes) might look like:
{'announce': 'http://bttracker.debian.org:6969/announce'
'info': {'name': 'debian-503-amd64-CD-1.iso',
'piece length': 262144,
'length': 678301696,
'pieces': '841ae846bc5b6d7bd6e9aa3dd9e551559c82abc1 ... d14f1631d776008f83772ee170c42411618190a4'
}
}
Note: pieces here would be a ceil(length/piece length) * 160-bit = ceil(678301696/262144) * 160-bit = ceil(2587.515625) * 160-bit = 2588 * 160-bit = 414080-bit = 51KiB value.
[edit] Multiple files
Here is what a de-bencoded torrent file (with piece length 256KiB = 262144) for two files, 111.txt & 222.txt, might look like:
{'announce': 'http://tracker.site1.com/announce',
'info: {'name': 'directoryName',
'piece length': 262144,
'files': [ {'path': '111.txt', 'length': 111},
{'path': '222.txt', 'length': 222}
],
'pieces': '6a8af7eda90ba9f851831073c48ea6b7b7e9feeb...8a43d9d965a47f75488d3fb47d2c586337a20b9f'
}
}
[edit] References
1. ^ a b "BEP-0003: The BitTorrent Protocol Specification". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0003.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
2. ^ "BEP-0000: Index of BitTorrent Enhancement Proposals". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0000.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
3. ^ "BEP-0005: DHT Protocol". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0005.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
4. ^ "BEP-0012: Multitracker Metadata Extension". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0012.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
5. ^ "BEP-0017: HTTP Seeding". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0017.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
6. ^ "BEP-0027: Private Torrents". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0027.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
7. ^ "BEP-0030: Merkle hash torrent extension". Bittorrent.org. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0030.html. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
salman khan
Salman Khan (Hindi: सलमान ख़ान, Urdu: عبد الرشید سلیم سلمان خان, pronounced [səlˈmaːn ˈxaːn]; born Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan on 27 December 1965) is an Indian film actor. He has appeared in more than 80 Hindi films.
Khan, who made his acting debut with a minor role in the drama Biwi Ho To Aisi (1988), had his first commercial success with the blockbuster Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), for which he won a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut. He went on to star in some of Hindi cinema's most successful films of those times, such as Saajan (1991), Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994), Karan Arjun (1995), Judwaa (1997), Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998) and Biwi No.1 (1999), having appeared in the highest earning films of seven separate years during his career.
In 1999, Khan won a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his extended appearance in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), and since then has starred in several critical and commercial successes, including Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999), Tere Naam (2003), Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004), No Entry (2005), Partner (2007), Wanted (2009) and Dabangg (2010), which has become the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of all-time. Khan has thus established himself as one of the most prominent, leading, and successful actors of Hindi cinema.[1][2][3][4]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Biography
o 1.1 Career
+ 1.1.1 1980s
+ 1.1.2 1990s
+ 1.1.3 2000s
o 1.2 Personal life
* 2 Controversies
o 2.1 Legal troubles
o 2.2 Relationship troubles
o 2.3 Fatwas
* 3 Awards and nominations
* 4 Filmography
o 4.1 Television presenter
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links
[edit] Biography
[edit] Career
[edit] 1980s
Salman Khan made his acting debut in the 1988 film Biwi Ho To Aisi where he played a supporting role. His first leading role in a Bollywood movie was in Sooraj R. Barjatya's romantic family drama Maine Pyar Kiya (1989). The film went on to become one of India's highest grossing films.[5] It also won him a Filmfare Best Male Debut Award, and a nomination for Filmfare Best Actor Award.
[edit] 1990s
1990 saw only one film release starring Khan, Baaghi: A Rebel for Love, alongside southern actress Nagma. The film was a box office success,[6] and was followed by another successful year in 1991 when he starred in three hit films, Patthar Ke Phool, Sanam Bewafa and Saajan.[7] Despite these early successes, nearly all of his 1992-1993 releases resulted in box office failures.[7]
Khan clawed back his previous success in 1994 with his second collaboration with director Sooraj Barjatya in the romance Hum Aapke Hain Kaun, co-starring Madhuri Dixit. This film was the biggest hit of that year, and turned out to be one of Bollywood's highest grossing films ever, becoming the fourth highest earner of all time.[8] Apart from being a commercial success, the film was widely acclaimed and Khan was praised for his performance, earning his second nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare. Three more films released that year featured Khan, none of which making a significant impact on the box-office as was the case with the previously mentioned title. He did however win praise for his performance in Andaz Apna Apna, alongside co-star Aamir Khan, which has gained a cult status since its release. In 1995 he cemented his success with Rakesh Roshan's blockbuster Karan Arjun, co-starring alongside Shahrukh Khan.[7] The film was the second biggest hit of the year, and his role of Karan once again put his name among the nominees for the Best Actor award at the Filmfare, which was eventually won by his Karan Arjun co-star Shahrukh Khan.
1996 was followed by two successes. The first one being Sanjay Leela Bhansali's directional debut Khamoshi: The Musical, co-starring Manisha Koirala, Nana Patekar and Seema Biswas. Though a box office failure, the film was critically acclaimed. He next starred alongside Sunny Deol and Karisma Kapoor in Raj Kanwar's action hit Jeet.
He had only two releases in 1997: Judwaa and Auzaar. The former was a comedy directed by David Dhawan co-starring Karisma Kapoor, where he played a dual role of twins separated at birth. The film was a box office hit. The latter, co-starring Shilpa Shetty failed to do well, but developed a cult following after its video release.
Khan worked in five different films in 1998, his first release being the comedy Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya opposite Kajol, one of the biggest commercial successes of that year. This was followed by the moderately successful drama Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai.[7] Khan played a young man who has to take a child who claims to be his son, under his custody. Khan's performance in the film earned him several positive notices and favourable reviews from critics. He rounded of the year with Karan Johar's directorial debut, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai. Co-starring alongside Shahrukh Khan and Kajol, he had only an extended cameo playing the role of Aman. However, it eventually turned out beneficial to him, as his performance earned him his second Filmfare Award under the Best Supporting Actor category.
In 1999, Khan starred in three hit films: Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United, which reunited him with Sooraj Barjatya for the third time; Biwi No.1, which became the top grossing film that year; and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, which was a major critical success, and earned him another Best Actor nomination at the Filmfare.
[edit] 2000s
In 2000, Khan acted in films including Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega and Chori Chori Chupke Chupke. Chori Chori Chupke Chupke addressed the issue of surrogate childbirth; Khan played the role of a rich industrialist, who hires a surrogate mother after his wife becomes infertile. Critics noted his turn towards a more serious role, which reportedly had more substance in comparison to his previous roles.[9][10] In 2002 he starred in the delayed release Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam which was semi-hit at the box office.
Khan's following releases failed at the box office until he made a comeback in 2003 with Tere Naam. The film was a major earner and his performance was praised by critics, with film critic Taran Adarsh noting, "Salman Khan is exceptional in a role that fits him to the T. He breathes fire in sequences that demand uneasiness. But beneath the tough exterior lies a vulnerable person and this facet in particular comes to the fore in the latter reels. His emotional outbursts are splendid..."[11] He subsequently continued his success at the box office, with comedies like Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004) and No Entry (2005).[7] 2006 was an unsuccessful year for him when Jaan-E-Mann and Baabul both failed to do well at the box office.
Khan started 2007 with the ensemble film Salaam E Ishq which failed to do well at the box office. His next release Partner did very well at the box office, receiving a blockbuster verdict.[12] He next appeared in his first Hollywood movie, Marigold: An Adventure in India opposite American actress Ali Larter. Telling the love story of an Indian man and an American woman, the film was a major failure, both commercially and critically.
Khan starred in three films throughout 2008, all of which underperformed,[13] though his second film of the year, Heroes, met with praise from critics.
Khan hosted the second season of 10 Ka Dum in year 2009 which turned out to be even more successful than his first season as host of the game show in year 2008. The show got very high TRPs for Sony Entertainment Television and according to reports, the show helped Sony TV regain its third position in the Indian television ratings.[14]
Khan's first film of 2009, Wanted directed by choreographer turned director Prabhu Deva was declared a smash hit in its first weekend of release itself. The action film turned out to be a huge success. The movie got more recognition for its slick action sequences performed by the actor himself. In the same year, he appeared in two other films, Main Aurr Mrs Khanna and London Dreams, both of which were failures at the box office.
His first release of 2010, Anil Sharma's Veer underperformed at the box office. Khan's recent film, Dabangg produced by his brother Arbaaz Khan, was released on September 10, 2010. It made a record opening at the box office[15] and was declared an all time blockbuster and the second-highest grossing Indian movie of all-time.[16]
[edit] Personal life
Khan is the eldest son of screenwriter Salim Khan and his first wife Salma Khan (maiden name Sushila Charak). His stepmother is Helen, a former Bollywood actress, who has co-starred with him in Khamoshi: The Musical (1996) and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999). He has two brothers, Arbaaz Khan and Sohail Khan, and two sisters, Alvira and Arpita. Alvira is married to actor/director Atul Agnihotri.
Khan finished his schooling through St. Stanislaus High School in Bandra, Mumbai, as did his younger brothers Arbaaz and Sohail. Earlier, he studied at The Scindia School, Gwalior for a few years along with younger brother Arbaaz.
In 2004, he was voted seventh best-looking man in the world and the best looking man in India by People magazine, U.S.[17] Khan has been involved in several charities during his career.[18]
On 11 October 2007, Khan accepted an offer from Madame Tussauds wax museum in London to have a wax replica made of himself. His life-size wax figure was installed there on 15 January 2008, making him the fourth Indian actor to have been replicated as a wax statue in the museum.[19][20]
[edit] Controversies
[edit] Legal troubles
On 28 September 2002, Salman was arrested for rash and negligent driving. His car had run into a bakery in Mumbai; one person who was sleeping on the pavement outside the bakery died and three others were injured in the mishap.[21] Charges of culpable homicide were laid against him, but later dropped, and he was found not guilty. However, he will still have to stand trial for a series of lesser charges pertaining to the incident.[22]
On 17 February 2006, Khan was sentenced to one year in prison for hunting an endangered species, the Chinkara. The sentence was stayed by a higher court during appeal.[23] On 10 April 2006, Salman was handed a five year jail term for hunting the endangered Chinkara. He was remanded to Jodhpur jail, and remained there until 13 April when he was granted bail.[24] On 24 August 2007, the Jodhpur sessions court, upheld the 5 year jail term for Khan in the Chinkara poaching case by turning down his appeal against the 2006 judgement. At the time of the hearing, he was busy with a shooting elsewhere, while his sister attended the proceedings.[25] The day after, he was placed under police arrest in Jodhpur after a Rajasthan court upheld a prison sentence passed upon him for poaching. On 31 August 2007, Khan was released on bail from the Jodhpur Central jail where he spent six days.
[edit] Relationship troubles
His turbulent relationship with actress Aishwarya Rai was a well publicised topic in the Indian media, and had constantly filled gossip columns.[26] After their break-up in March 2002, Rai accused him of harassing her. She claimed that Khan had not been able to come to terms with their break-up and was hounding her; her parents lodged a complaint against him.[27]
In 2005, news outlets released what was said to be an illicit copy of a mobile phone call recorded in 2001 by the Mumbai police. It appeared to be a call in which he threatened his ex-girlfriend, Aishwarya Rai, in an effort to force her to appear at social events held by Mumbai crime figures. The call featured boasts of connections to organized crime and derogatory comments about other actors. However, the alleged tape was tested in the government's Forensic lab in Chandigarh, which concluded that it was fake.[28][29]
[edit] Fatwas
In September 2007, a Muslim organisation issued a fatwa against Khan for attending a Ganesh puja. Stating that Islam prohibits idol worship, the organisation stated that unless Khan reads the kalma — the declaration of faith — all over again, he will not be considered a Muslim. In addition to that, Khan celebrated the Ganesh Mahotsav with his family in Bandra; they brought a Ganesh idol for one day for the sake of his stepmother, Helen. Khan was among the group who danced in the procession. His father responded by criticising the fatwa and stated that Salman had done nothing wrong.[30]
Another fatwa was raised against Khan by a Muslim cleric in India, mufti Salim Ahmad Qasmi, for allowing Madame Tussauds in London to make a wax model of himself. The mufti said the statue is illegal and the Sharia forbids depictions of all living creatures. This created speculation in the press, as no fatwa was released against fellow Muslim, Shahrukh Khan who also has a wax model in the museum. Salman responded by saying, "These fatwas are becoming a joke".[31]
The fatwa was raised upon Khan again in September 2008, for celebrating the Ganeshotsav Hindu ceremony at his home with the family. The fatwa was raised by the member of the Advisory Council, Jama Masjid, in New Delhi. On this occasion, his father, Salim, again questioned the fatwa and criticised those who raise it.[32][33]
[edit] Awards and nominations
See also: List of awards and nominations received by Salman Khan
[edit] Filmography
Year Title Role Other notes
1988 Biwi Ho To Aisi Vicky Bhandari
1989 Maine Pyar Kiya Prem Choudhary Winner, Filmfare Best Male Debut Award
Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award
1990 Baaghi: A Rebel for Love Saajan Sood
1991 Sanam Bewafa Salman Khan
Patthar Ke Phool Inspector Suraj
Kurbaan Akash Singh
Love Prithvi
Saajan Akash Varma
1992 Suryavanshi Vicky/Suryavanshi Vikram Singh
Ek Ladka Ek Ladki Raja
Jaagruti Jugnu
Nishchaiy Rohan Yadav/Vasudev Gujral
1993 Chandra Mukhi Raja Rai
Dil Tera Aashiq Vijay
1994 Andaz Apna Apna Prem Bhopali
Hum Aapke Hain Kaun...! Prem Niwas
Chaand Kaa Tukdaa Shyam Malhotra
Sangdil Sanam Kishan
1995 Karan Arjun Karan Singh/Ajay Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award
Veergati Ajay
1996 Majhdhaar Gopal
Khamoshi: The Musical Raj
Jeet Raju Nominated, Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award
Dushman Duniya Ka Special appearance
1997 Judwaa Raja/Prem Malhotra
Auzaar Inspector Suraj Prakash
Dus Captain Jeet Sharma Incomplete film
Deewana Mastana Special appearance as Prem Kumar
1998 Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya Suraj Khanna Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award
Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai Suraj Dhanrajgir
Sar Utha Ke Jiyo Special appearance
Bandhan Raju
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Aman Mehra Winner, Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award
Special appearance
Short snippet seen in the 2006 movie Outsourced ([34] and [35])
1999 Jaanam Samjha Karo Rahul
Biwi No.1 Prem Nominated, Filmfare Best Comedian Award
Sirf Tum Special appearance as Prem
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam Sameer Rafillini Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award
Hello Brother Hero
Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United Prem
2000 Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge Raja Oberoi
Chal Mere Bhai Prem Oberoi
Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega Raj/Romi
Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke Special appearance as a truck driver
Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye Prem Kapoor
2001 Chori Chori Chupke Chupke Raj Malhotra
2002 Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge Veer Singh Thakur/Ali
Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam Suraj
Yeh Hai Jalwa Raj 'Raju' Saxena/Raj Mittal
2003 Love at Times Square Special appearance (song)
Stumped Special appearance (song)
Tere Naam Radhe Mohan Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award
Baghban Special appearance as Alok Raj Nominated, Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award
2004 Garv: Pride and Honour Inspector Arjun Ranavat
Mujhse Shaadi Karogi Sameer Malhotra
Phir Milenge Rohit Manchanda
Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa Rishabh
2005 Lucky: No Time for Love Aditya
Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya? Dr. Samir Malhotra
No Entry Prem Nominated, Filmfare Best Comedian Award
Kyon Ki Anand
2006 Saawan... The Love Season Special appearance as Bhagwan's Messenger
Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar Ayaan
Jaan-E-Mann Suhaan
Baabul Avinash Kapoor
2007 Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute To Love Rahul
Partner Prem Love Guru
Marigold: An Adventure in India Prem English language film
Om Shanti Om Special appearance as himself in song Deewangi Deewangi
Saawariya Imaan
2008 God Tussi Great Ho Arun Prajapati
Hello Special appearance as himself
Heroes Balkar Singh/Jassvinder Singh
Yuvvraaj Deven Yuvvraaj
2009 Wanted Radhe / Rajveer Shikhawat
Main Aurr Mrs Khanna Samir Khanna
London Dreams Mannu (Manjit Khosla)
Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani Special appearance himself
2010 Veer Veer
Prem Kaa Game Special appearance as The Sutradhaar (Narrator)
Dabangg Inspector Chulbul Pandey (Robinhood Pandey) Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award[36]
Tees Maar Khan Himself Special appearance in song "Wallah Re Wallah"[37]
2011 Banda Yeh Bindaas Hai Post-production
Ready Prem Filming
Bodyguard Filming
[edit] Television presenter
* 10 Ka Dum (Season 1 & 2)
* Bigg Boss (Season 4)
[edit] See also
* List of Indian Actors
* List of people from Madhya Pradesh
[edit] References
1. ^ Ramesh Dawar (2006), Bollywood Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow, Star Publications, ISBN 1-9058-6301-2, p. 111. "Salman Khan is one of the most successful stars of Bollywood today. He is one of Indian cinema's hottest selling stars a safe bet any day."
2. ^ Sen, Raja (8 August 2006). "Powerlist: Top Bollywood Actors". Rediff.com. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/08sld7.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
3. ^ Felicia Faye McMahon, Donald E. Lytle and Brian Sutton-Smith (2005), Play: An interdisciplinary synthesis, University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-3042-1, p. 120. "The first night after the lights were turned out the girls stayed up chatting about Salman Khan and Sharukh Khan, two leading male actors in the Hindi film industry."
4. ^ Stella Bruzzi, Pamela Church Gibson (2000), Fashion cultures: Theories, explorations, and analysis, Routledge, ISBN 0-4152-0685-5, p. 182. "The action films of the 1980s saw the macho action-hero dominating the screen, who was replaced by the short, muscular hero with a pretty face in the 1990s. Salman Khan, one of the most popular, takes his shirt off several times in each movie to show his pumped body, frequently wearing gym-gear and American sportswear."
5. ^ "The Biggest Blockbusters Ever In Hindi Cinema". Box Office India. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg==. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
6. ^ 1990 box office results. BoxOfficeIndia.com.
7. ^ a b c d e "Salman Khan's box office filmography". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071116053128/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/salmankhan.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
8. ^ "All Time Grossers Inflation Adjusted". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061024031908/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/alltime.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-28.
9. ^ Adarsh, Taran (8 March 2001). "Chori Chori Chupke Chupke: Movie Review". Indiafm.com. http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/6728/index.html. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
10. ^ Us Salam, Ziya (16 March 2001). "Film review: Chori Chori Chupke Chupke". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/03/16/stories/09160223.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
11. ^ Adarsh, Taran (15 August 2003). "Tere Naam". indiaFM. http://indiafm.com/movies/review/7078/index.html. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
12. ^ "Box Office Results Top Grosses by Decades and Years - 2007". International Business Overview Standard. http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/topgrossersbyyear.asp?year=2007. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
13. ^ "God Tussi Great Ho". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godtussigreatho.htm. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
14. ^ "Sony TV regains numero three position". BizAsia UK. 2008-08-25. http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2008/08/sony_tv_regains.php. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
15. ^ "Dabangg beats 3 Idiots, collects Rs 14 crore on opening day". Hindustan Times. 11 September 2010. http://www.hindustantimes.com/dabangg-beats-3-idiots-collects-rs-14-crore-on-opening-day/Article1-598793.aspx. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
16. ^ "Dabangg Is 17th All Time Blockbuster". Box Office India. http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2043&nCat=box_office_news. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
17. ^ "'Masand ki Pasand' is Salman Khan this time". 25 March 2004. http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k4/mar/martube17.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-23.
18. ^ "Salman still dares to 'bare' at 40". CNN-IBN. 27 December 2005. http://www.ibnlive.com/news/salman-still-dares-to-bare-at-40/2843-8.html. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
19. ^ Indo-Asian News Service (15 January 2008). "Salman Khan unveils wax figure at Madame Tussauds". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=ac5beb5b-fe5f-4634-8114-bda3ce468c95&&Headline=Salman+Khan+unveils+wax+figure+at+Madame+Tussauds. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
20. ^ Salman Khan now live at Madame Tussauds
21. ^ "Salman Khan's jeep runs over pavement dwellers, one dead; actor surrenders". http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/28khan.htm.
22. ^ Ahmed, Zubair (3 September 2003). "Bollywood homicide charge dropped". BBC News South Asia. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3076990.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
23. ^ "Salman Khan sentenced to one-year imprisonment in poaching case". Asian News International (ANI) via Yahoo! News India. 17 February 2006. http://in.news.yahoo.com/060217/139/62k5x.html. Retrieved 2006-06-28. [dead link]
24. ^ "Salman granted bail on poaching case". sify.com. 13 April 2006. http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14184053. Retrieved 2006-06-28.
25. ^ Appeal quashed, it's jail for Salman Khan
26. ^ "Salman in news for the wrong reasons". http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020303/spectrum/main6.htm.
27. ^ Ahmed, Afsana; Sharma, Smrity (27 September 2002). "Salman harassing me, says Aishwarya". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/23402266.cms.
28. ^ "Police records Salman Khan's voice, Ash keeps mum". 18 July 2005. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050718/nation.htm#1.
29. ^ "Salman cleared in Aishwarya tape case". 16 September 2005. http://www.dawn.com/2005/09/17/int6.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-23.
30. ^ "Fatwa against Salman for attending puja - Times India". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2388257.cms.
31. ^ "Muslim Cleric Issues Fatwa Against Bollywood Star for Wax Figure". Fox News. 24 January 2008. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,325292,00.html. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
32. ^ NDTV.com: 'Fatwa' against Salman for celebrating Ganeshotsav
33. ^ 'Fatwa' against Salman Khan, family for celebrating Ganeshotsav - Sify
34. ^ "Outsourced (2006)". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0425326/.
35. ^ "Outsourced (2006) thread: Can anybody tell me the name of the movie on the background ...". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0425326/board/nest/122951320.
36. ^ "Nominations for 56th Filmfare Awards 2010". Bollywood Hungama News Network. Bollywood Hungama. 14 January 2011. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7013/index.html. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
37. ^ "Salman will do 'item' number for Tees Maar Khan". indianexpress.com. September 11, 2010. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/salman-will-do-item-number-for-tees-maar-khan/680365/. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Khan, who made his acting debut with a minor role in the drama Biwi Ho To Aisi (1988), had his first commercial success with the blockbuster Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), for which he won a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut. He went on to star in some of Hindi cinema's most successful films of those times, such as Saajan (1991), Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994), Karan Arjun (1995), Judwaa (1997), Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998) and Biwi No.1 (1999), having appeared in the highest earning films of seven separate years during his career.
In 1999, Khan won a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his extended appearance in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), and since then has starred in several critical and commercial successes, including Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999), Tere Naam (2003), Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004), No Entry (2005), Partner (2007), Wanted (2009) and Dabangg (2010), which has become the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of all-time. Khan has thus established himself as one of the most prominent, leading, and successful actors of Hindi cinema.[1][2][3][4]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Biography
o 1.1 Career
+ 1.1.1 1980s
+ 1.1.2 1990s
+ 1.1.3 2000s
o 1.2 Personal life
* 2 Controversies
o 2.1 Legal troubles
o 2.2 Relationship troubles
o 2.3 Fatwas
* 3 Awards and nominations
* 4 Filmography
o 4.1 Television presenter
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links
[edit] Biography
[edit] Career
[edit] 1980s
Salman Khan made his acting debut in the 1988 film Biwi Ho To Aisi where he played a supporting role. His first leading role in a Bollywood movie was in Sooraj R. Barjatya's romantic family drama Maine Pyar Kiya (1989). The film went on to become one of India's highest grossing films.[5] It also won him a Filmfare Best Male Debut Award, and a nomination for Filmfare Best Actor Award.
[edit] 1990s
1990 saw only one film release starring Khan, Baaghi: A Rebel for Love, alongside southern actress Nagma. The film was a box office success,[6] and was followed by another successful year in 1991 when he starred in three hit films, Patthar Ke Phool, Sanam Bewafa and Saajan.[7] Despite these early successes, nearly all of his 1992-1993 releases resulted in box office failures.[7]
Khan clawed back his previous success in 1994 with his second collaboration with director Sooraj Barjatya in the romance Hum Aapke Hain Kaun, co-starring Madhuri Dixit. This film was the biggest hit of that year, and turned out to be one of Bollywood's highest grossing films ever, becoming the fourth highest earner of all time.[8] Apart from being a commercial success, the film was widely acclaimed and Khan was praised for his performance, earning his second nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare. Three more films released that year featured Khan, none of which making a significant impact on the box-office as was the case with the previously mentioned title. He did however win praise for his performance in Andaz Apna Apna, alongside co-star Aamir Khan, which has gained a cult status since its release. In 1995 he cemented his success with Rakesh Roshan's blockbuster Karan Arjun, co-starring alongside Shahrukh Khan.[7] The film was the second biggest hit of the year, and his role of Karan once again put his name among the nominees for the Best Actor award at the Filmfare, which was eventually won by his Karan Arjun co-star Shahrukh Khan.
1996 was followed by two successes. The first one being Sanjay Leela Bhansali's directional debut Khamoshi: The Musical, co-starring Manisha Koirala, Nana Patekar and Seema Biswas. Though a box office failure, the film was critically acclaimed. He next starred alongside Sunny Deol and Karisma Kapoor in Raj Kanwar's action hit Jeet.
He had only two releases in 1997: Judwaa and Auzaar. The former was a comedy directed by David Dhawan co-starring Karisma Kapoor, where he played a dual role of twins separated at birth. The film was a box office hit. The latter, co-starring Shilpa Shetty failed to do well, but developed a cult following after its video release.
Khan worked in five different films in 1998, his first release being the comedy Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya opposite Kajol, one of the biggest commercial successes of that year. This was followed by the moderately successful drama Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai.[7] Khan played a young man who has to take a child who claims to be his son, under his custody. Khan's performance in the film earned him several positive notices and favourable reviews from critics. He rounded of the year with Karan Johar's directorial debut, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai. Co-starring alongside Shahrukh Khan and Kajol, he had only an extended cameo playing the role of Aman. However, it eventually turned out beneficial to him, as his performance earned him his second Filmfare Award under the Best Supporting Actor category.
In 1999, Khan starred in three hit films: Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United, which reunited him with Sooraj Barjatya for the third time; Biwi No.1, which became the top grossing film that year; and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, which was a major critical success, and earned him another Best Actor nomination at the Filmfare.
[edit] 2000s
In 2000, Khan acted in films including Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega and Chori Chori Chupke Chupke. Chori Chori Chupke Chupke addressed the issue of surrogate childbirth; Khan played the role of a rich industrialist, who hires a surrogate mother after his wife becomes infertile. Critics noted his turn towards a more serious role, which reportedly had more substance in comparison to his previous roles.[9][10] In 2002 he starred in the delayed release Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam which was semi-hit at the box office.
Khan's following releases failed at the box office until he made a comeback in 2003 with Tere Naam. The film was a major earner and his performance was praised by critics, with film critic Taran Adarsh noting, "Salman Khan is exceptional in a role that fits him to the T. He breathes fire in sequences that demand uneasiness. But beneath the tough exterior lies a vulnerable person and this facet in particular comes to the fore in the latter reels. His emotional outbursts are splendid..."[11] He subsequently continued his success at the box office, with comedies like Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004) and No Entry (2005).[7] 2006 was an unsuccessful year for him when Jaan-E-Mann and Baabul both failed to do well at the box office.
Khan started 2007 with the ensemble film Salaam E Ishq which failed to do well at the box office. His next release Partner did very well at the box office, receiving a blockbuster verdict.[12] He next appeared in his first Hollywood movie, Marigold: An Adventure in India opposite American actress Ali Larter. Telling the love story of an Indian man and an American woman, the film was a major failure, both commercially and critically.
Khan starred in three films throughout 2008, all of which underperformed,[13] though his second film of the year, Heroes, met with praise from critics.
Khan hosted the second season of 10 Ka Dum in year 2009 which turned out to be even more successful than his first season as host of the game show in year 2008. The show got very high TRPs for Sony Entertainment Television and according to reports, the show helped Sony TV regain its third position in the Indian television ratings.[14]
Khan's first film of 2009, Wanted directed by choreographer turned director Prabhu Deva was declared a smash hit in its first weekend of release itself. The action film turned out to be a huge success. The movie got more recognition for its slick action sequences performed by the actor himself. In the same year, he appeared in two other films, Main Aurr Mrs Khanna and London Dreams, both of which were failures at the box office.
His first release of 2010, Anil Sharma's Veer underperformed at the box office. Khan's recent film, Dabangg produced by his brother Arbaaz Khan, was released on September 10, 2010. It made a record opening at the box office[15] and was declared an all time blockbuster and the second-highest grossing Indian movie of all-time.[16]
[edit] Personal life
Khan is the eldest son of screenwriter Salim Khan and his first wife Salma Khan (maiden name Sushila Charak). His stepmother is Helen, a former Bollywood actress, who has co-starred with him in Khamoshi: The Musical (1996) and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999). He has two brothers, Arbaaz Khan and Sohail Khan, and two sisters, Alvira and Arpita. Alvira is married to actor/director Atul Agnihotri.
Khan finished his schooling through St. Stanislaus High School in Bandra, Mumbai, as did his younger brothers Arbaaz and Sohail. Earlier, he studied at The Scindia School, Gwalior for a few years along with younger brother Arbaaz.
In 2004, he was voted seventh best-looking man in the world and the best looking man in India by People magazine, U.S.[17] Khan has been involved in several charities during his career.[18]
On 11 October 2007, Khan accepted an offer from Madame Tussauds wax museum in London to have a wax replica made of himself. His life-size wax figure was installed there on 15 January 2008, making him the fourth Indian actor to have been replicated as a wax statue in the museum.[19][20]
[edit] Controversies
[edit] Legal troubles
On 28 September 2002, Salman was arrested for rash and negligent driving. His car had run into a bakery in Mumbai; one person who was sleeping on the pavement outside the bakery died and three others were injured in the mishap.[21] Charges of culpable homicide were laid against him, but later dropped, and he was found not guilty. However, he will still have to stand trial for a series of lesser charges pertaining to the incident.[22]
On 17 February 2006, Khan was sentenced to one year in prison for hunting an endangered species, the Chinkara. The sentence was stayed by a higher court during appeal.[23] On 10 April 2006, Salman was handed a five year jail term for hunting the endangered Chinkara. He was remanded to Jodhpur jail, and remained there until 13 April when he was granted bail.[24] On 24 August 2007, the Jodhpur sessions court, upheld the 5 year jail term for Khan in the Chinkara poaching case by turning down his appeal against the 2006 judgement. At the time of the hearing, he was busy with a shooting elsewhere, while his sister attended the proceedings.[25] The day after, he was placed under police arrest in Jodhpur after a Rajasthan court upheld a prison sentence passed upon him for poaching. On 31 August 2007, Khan was released on bail from the Jodhpur Central jail where he spent six days.
[edit] Relationship troubles
His turbulent relationship with actress Aishwarya Rai was a well publicised topic in the Indian media, and had constantly filled gossip columns.[26] After their break-up in March 2002, Rai accused him of harassing her. She claimed that Khan had not been able to come to terms with their break-up and was hounding her; her parents lodged a complaint against him.[27]
In 2005, news outlets released what was said to be an illicit copy of a mobile phone call recorded in 2001 by the Mumbai police. It appeared to be a call in which he threatened his ex-girlfriend, Aishwarya Rai, in an effort to force her to appear at social events held by Mumbai crime figures. The call featured boasts of connections to organized crime and derogatory comments about other actors. However, the alleged tape was tested in the government's Forensic lab in Chandigarh, which concluded that it was fake.[28][29]
[edit] Fatwas
In September 2007, a Muslim organisation issued a fatwa against Khan for attending a Ganesh puja. Stating that Islam prohibits idol worship, the organisation stated that unless Khan reads the kalma — the declaration of faith — all over again, he will not be considered a Muslim. In addition to that, Khan celebrated the Ganesh Mahotsav with his family in Bandra; they brought a Ganesh idol for one day for the sake of his stepmother, Helen. Khan was among the group who danced in the procession. His father responded by criticising the fatwa and stated that Salman had done nothing wrong.[30]
Another fatwa was raised against Khan by a Muslim cleric in India, mufti Salim Ahmad Qasmi, for allowing Madame Tussauds in London to make a wax model of himself. The mufti said the statue is illegal and the Sharia forbids depictions of all living creatures. This created speculation in the press, as no fatwa was released against fellow Muslim, Shahrukh Khan who also has a wax model in the museum. Salman responded by saying, "These fatwas are becoming a joke".[31]
The fatwa was raised upon Khan again in September 2008, for celebrating the Ganeshotsav Hindu ceremony at his home with the family. The fatwa was raised by the member of the Advisory Council, Jama Masjid, in New Delhi. On this occasion, his father, Salim, again questioned the fatwa and criticised those who raise it.[32][33]
[edit] Awards and nominations
See also: List of awards and nominations received by Salman Khan
[edit] Filmography
Year Title Role Other notes
1988 Biwi Ho To Aisi Vicky Bhandari
1989 Maine Pyar Kiya Prem Choudhary Winner, Filmfare Best Male Debut Award
Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award
1990 Baaghi: A Rebel for Love Saajan Sood
1991 Sanam Bewafa Salman Khan
Patthar Ke Phool Inspector Suraj
Kurbaan Akash Singh
Love Prithvi
Saajan Akash Varma
1992 Suryavanshi Vicky/Suryavanshi Vikram Singh
Ek Ladka Ek Ladki Raja
Jaagruti Jugnu
Nishchaiy Rohan Yadav/Vasudev Gujral
1993 Chandra Mukhi Raja Rai
Dil Tera Aashiq Vijay
1994 Andaz Apna Apna Prem Bhopali
Hum Aapke Hain Kaun...! Prem Niwas
Chaand Kaa Tukdaa Shyam Malhotra
Sangdil Sanam Kishan
1995 Karan Arjun Karan Singh/Ajay Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award
Veergati Ajay
1996 Majhdhaar Gopal
Khamoshi: The Musical Raj
Jeet Raju Nominated, Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award
Dushman Duniya Ka Special appearance
1997 Judwaa Raja/Prem Malhotra
Auzaar Inspector Suraj Prakash
Dus Captain Jeet Sharma Incomplete film
Deewana Mastana Special appearance as Prem Kumar
1998 Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya Suraj Khanna Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award
Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai Suraj Dhanrajgir
Sar Utha Ke Jiyo Special appearance
Bandhan Raju
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Aman Mehra Winner, Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award
Special appearance
Short snippet seen in the 2006 movie Outsourced ([34] and [35])
1999 Jaanam Samjha Karo Rahul
Biwi No.1 Prem Nominated, Filmfare Best Comedian Award
Sirf Tum Special appearance as Prem
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam Sameer Rafillini Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award
Hello Brother Hero
Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United Prem
2000 Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge Raja Oberoi
Chal Mere Bhai Prem Oberoi
Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega Raj/Romi
Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke Special appearance as a truck driver
Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye Prem Kapoor
2001 Chori Chori Chupke Chupke Raj Malhotra
2002 Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge Veer Singh Thakur/Ali
Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam Suraj
Yeh Hai Jalwa Raj 'Raju' Saxena/Raj Mittal
2003 Love at Times Square Special appearance (song)
Stumped Special appearance (song)
Tere Naam Radhe Mohan Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award
Baghban Special appearance as Alok Raj Nominated, Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award
2004 Garv: Pride and Honour Inspector Arjun Ranavat
Mujhse Shaadi Karogi Sameer Malhotra
Phir Milenge Rohit Manchanda
Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa Rishabh
2005 Lucky: No Time for Love Aditya
Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya? Dr. Samir Malhotra
No Entry Prem Nominated, Filmfare Best Comedian Award
Kyon Ki Anand
2006 Saawan... The Love Season Special appearance as Bhagwan's Messenger
Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar Ayaan
Jaan-E-Mann Suhaan
Baabul Avinash Kapoor
2007 Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute To Love Rahul
Partner Prem Love Guru
Marigold: An Adventure in India Prem English language film
Om Shanti Om Special appearance as himself in song Deewangi Deewangi
Saawariya Imaan
2008 God Tussi Great Ho Arun Prajapati
Hello Special appearance as himself
Heroes Balkar Singh/Jassvinder Singh
Yuvvraaj Deven Yuvvraaj
2009 Wanted Radhe / Rajveer Shikhawat
Main Aurr Mrs Khanna Samir Khanna
London Dreams Mannu (Manjit Khosla)
Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani Special appearance himself
2010 Veer Veer
Prem Kaa Game Special appearance as The Sutradhaar (Narrator)
Dabangg Inspector Chulbul Pandey (Robinhood Pandey) Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award[36]
Tees Maar Khan Himself Special appearance in song "Wallah Re Wallah"[37]
2011 Banda Yeh Bindaas Hai Post-production
Ready Prem Filming
Bodyguard Filming
[edit] Television presenter
* 10 Ka Dum (Season 1 & 2)
* Bigg Boss (Season 4)
[edit] See also
* List of Indian Actors
* List of people from Madhya Pradesh
[edit] References
1. ^ Ramesh Dawar (2006), Bollywood Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow, Star Publications, ISBN 1-9058-6301-2, p. 111. "Salman Khan is one of the most successful stars of Bollywood today. He is one of Indian cinema's hottest selling stars a safe bet any day."
2. ^ Sen, Raja (8 August 2006). "Powerlist: Top Bollywood Actors". Rediff.com. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/08sld7.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
3. ^ Felicia Faye McMahon, Donald E. Lytle and Brian Sutton-Smith (2005), Play: An interdisciplinary synthesis, University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-3042-1, p. 120. "The first night after the lights were turned out the girls stayed up chatting about Salman Khan and Sharukh Khan, two leading male actors in the Hindi film industry."
4. ^ Stella Bruzzi, Pamela Church Gibson (2000), Fashion cultures: Theories, explorations, and analysis, Routledge, ISBN 0-4152-0685-5, p. 182. "The action films of the 1980s saw the macho action-hero dominating the screen, who was replaced by the short, muscular hero with a pretty face in the 1990s. Salman Khan, one of the most popular, takes his shirt off several times in each movie to show his pumped body, frequently wearing gym-gear and American sportswear."
5. ^ "The Biggest Blockbusters Ever In Hindi Cinema". Box Office India. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg==. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
6. ^ 1990 box office results. BoxOfficeIndia.com.
7. ^ a b c d e "Salman Khan's box office filmography". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071116053128/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/salmankhan.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
8. ^ "All Time Grossers Inflation Adjusted". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061024031908/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/alltime.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-28.
9. ^ Adarsh, Taran (8 March 2001). "Chori Chori Chupke Chupke: Movie Review". Indiafm.com. http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/6728/index.html. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
10. ^ Us Salam, Ziya (16 March 2001). "Film review: Chori Chori Chupke Chupke". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/03/16/stories/09160223.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
11. ^ Adarsh, Taran (15 August 2003). "Tere Naam". indiaFM. http://indiafm.com/movies/review/7078/index.html. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
12. ^ "Box Office Results Top Grosses by Decades and Years - 2007". International Business Overview Standard. http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/topgrossersbyyear.asp?year=2007. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
13. ^ "God Tussi Great Ho". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godtussigreatho.htm. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
14. ^ "Sony TV regains numero three position". BizAsia UK. 2008-08-25. http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2008/08/sony_tv_regains.php. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
15. ^ "Dabangg beats 3 Idiots, collects Rs 14 crore on opening day". Hindustan Times. 11 September 2010. http://www.hindustantimes.com/dabangg-beats-3-idiots-collects-rs-14-crore-on-opening-day/Article1-598793.aspx. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
16. ^ "Dabangg Is 17th All Time Blockbuster". Box Office India. http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2043&nCat=box_office_news. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
17. ^ "'Masand ki Pasand' is Salman Khan this time". 25 March 2004. http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k4/mar/martube17.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-23.
18. ^ "Salman still dares to 'bare' at 40". CNN-IBN. 27 December 2005. http://www.ibnlive.com/news/salman-still-dares-to-bare-at-40/2843-8.html. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
19. ^ Indo-Asian News Service (15 January 2008). "Salman Khan unveils wax figure at Madame Tussauds". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=ac5beb5b-fe5f-4634-8114-bda3ce468c95&&Headline=Salman+Khan+unveils+wax+figure+at+Madame+Tussauds. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
20. ^ Salman Khan now live at Madame Tussauds
21. ^ "Salman Khan's jeep runs over pavement dwellers, one dead; actor surrenders". http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/28khan.htm.
22. ^ Ahmed, Zubair (3 September 2003). "Bollywood homicide charge dropped". BBC News South Asia. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3076990.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
23. ^ "Salman Khan sentenced to one-year imprisonment in poaching case". Asian News International (ANI) via Yahoo! News India. 17 February 2006. http://in.news.yahoo.com/060217/139/62k5x.html. Retrieved 2006-06-28. [dead link]
24. ^ "Salman granted bail on poaching case". sify.com. 13 April 2006. http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14184053. Retrieved 2006-06-28.
25. ^ Appeal quashed, it's jail for Salman Khan
26. ^ "Salman in news for the wrong reasons". http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020303/spectrum/main6.htm.
27. ^ Ahmed, Afsana; Sharma, Smrity (27 September 2002). "Salman harassing me, says Aishwarya". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/23402266.cms.
28. ^ "Police records Salman Khan's voice, Ash keeps mum". 18 July 2005. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050718/nation.htm#1.
29. ^ "Salman cleared in Aishwarya tape case". 16 September 2005. http://www.dawn.com/2005/09/17/int6.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-23.
30. ^ "Fatwa against Salman for attending puja - Times India". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2388257.cms.
31. ^ "Muslim Cleric Issues Fatwa Against Bollywood Star for Wax Figure". Fox News. 24 January 2008. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,325292,00.html. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
32. ^ NDTV.com: 'Fatwa' against Salman for celebrating Ganeshotsav
33. ^ 'Fatwa' against Salman Khan, family for celebrating Ganeshotsav - Sify
34. ^ "Outsourced (2006)". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0425326/.
35. ^ "Outsourced (2006) thread: Can anybody tell me the name of the movie on the background ...". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0425326/board/nest/122951320.
36. ^ "Nominations for 56th Filmfare Awards 2010". Bollywood Hungama News Network. Bollywood Hungama. 14 January 2011. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7013/index.html. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
37. ^ "Salman will do 'item' number for Tees Maar Khan". indianexpress.com. September 11, 2010. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/salman-will-do-item-number-for-tees-maar-khan/680365/. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
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